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Utilizing financial market information in forecasting real
Utilizing financial market information in forecasting real

... asset classes is strengthened through indirect spillovers via other asset prices. These results call for a better understanding of international cross-market financial linkages, which so far has been missing in the literature. Phylaktis and Ravazzolo (2005) use a data set of a group of Pacific Basin ...
fixed exchange rates
fixed exchange rates

... Numbers are for fiscal years, which start in October of the previous calendar year. All numbers are expressed as a percentage of GDP. ...
Regime Switches in Exchange Rate Volatility and Uncovered
Regime Switches in Exchange Rate Volatility and Uncovered

... In this paper, we employ a regime-switching model to investigate what role exchange rate volatilities play in the failure of UIP. The idea to use regime-switching models in examining exchange rates is not new. After Hamilton (1989) proposed the regime-switching model to examine the persistency of r ...
FINANCIAL MARKETS AND INSTITIUTIONS: A Modern Perspective
FINANCIAL MARKETS AND INSTITIUTIONS: A Modern Perspective

... FI as the result of activities related to contingent assets and liabilities – OBS activity can increase FIs’ interest rate risk, credit risk, and foreign exchange risk – OBS activity can also be used to hedge (i.e., reduce) FIs’ interest rate risk, credit risk, and foreign exchange risk – large comm ...
FINANCIAL MARKETS AND INSTITIUTIONS: A Modern Perspective
FINANCIAL MARKETS AND INSTITIUTIONS: A Modern Perspective

... FI as the result of activities related to contingent assets and liabilities – OBS activity can increase FIs’ interest rate risk, credit risk, and foreign exchange risk – OBS activity can also be used to hedge (i.e., reduce) FIs’ interest rate risk, credit risk, and foreign exchange risk – large comm ...
Foreign Currency Borrowing: The Case of Hungary
Foreign Currency Borrowing: The Case of Hungary

... test the model on Central and Eastern European countries: the rapid growth of FX borrowing is explained mostly by the competition of foreign-owned banks for market shares and interest rate differentials. Rosenberg and Tirpák (2008) similarly find a significant role of foreign funding, interest rate ...
oecd development centre
oecd development centre

SP92: The Equivalence of Screen Based Continuous-Auction and Dealer Markets
SP92: The Equivalence of Screen Based Continuous-Auction and Dealer Markets

... the stock, whereas a continuous-auction market has no formally specified intermediary. On the other hand auction markets may feature traders that perform the role of the dealer in that they participate in the market by submitting limit orders and provide liquidity. A dealer market licenses some trad ...
Boom, Gloom, Doom: Balance Sheets, Monetary Fragmentation
Boom, Gloom, Doom: Balance Sheets, Monetary Fragmentation

... links the value of domestic currency closely to the dollar or other authoritative international currencies. Such exchange-rate pledges were intended to rein in inflationary expectations. In this they usually had some immediate successes. However, ERBS programs had other, more troubling financial con ...
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NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES INFLATION, EXCHANGE RATES AND STABILIZATION Working Paper No. 1739

... back to around 20 percent, the tariffs and quotas are back, the budget has deteriorated, the debt crisis is on and unemployment stands for a few years already at record levels. In retrospect the exchange rate experiment, has proved a terrible mistake because of the neglect of the effects of wage ind ...
WORKING PAPER SERIES Estimates of Fundamental Real
WORKING PAPER SERIES Estimates of Fundamental Real

... standard trade determinants, we incorporate into the model the above-mentioned factors that are important specifically for pre-accession economies. The trade equations extended in this way have been estimated in an econometric panel in our previous work8. In order to ensure consistency, macro-econom ...
Securities Trading and Settlement in Europe
Securities Trading and Settlement in Europe

... exchanges and settlement agencies from user-owned institutions to shareholder-owned, profit-driven corporations. While demutualization is leading to more consolidated trading and settlement systems, it creates the potential for increased operational risk and monopoly pricing. As Europe progresses to ...
INDEX METHODOLOGY
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... For the total return index, one month forward implied yields are used for each currency. The “implied yield” is the predicted yield based on the premise that the yield curve on a particular day is a strong indication of the future state. Where unavailable for historical time periods, monthly local c ...
We estimate a small macro model, where the short
We estimate a small macro model, where the short

... The data we use are annual from 1970 to 2006 when the foreign country is the US. All data are in natural logs except the interest rate. Foreign real interest rates are the nominal 90-day rate minus last period inflation rate as a proxy for expected inflation. All data are from the IMF data base. The ...
The advantages and disadvantages of various exchange rate regimes
The advantages and disadvantages of various exchange rate regimes

... fluctuations in world prices of the commodities that they produce, especially mineral and agricultural commodities, as well as fluctuations in the foreign exchange values of major currencies, especially the dollar, yen, and euro. Some countries see the currency to which they are linked moving one di ...
The Internationalization of the Renminbi
The Internationalization of the Renminbi

An Analysis of Exchange Rate Volatility and
An Analysis of Exchange Rate Volatility and

... between the commodity markets (traded internationally) falls, expected trade increases leading to a fall in exchange rate volatility. So far, we have looked at the impact of exchange rate volatility on trade. Most of the theories discussed so far take exchange rate volatility as an exogenous variabl ...
Economic fundamentals do matter for the NZD/AUD exchange rate occasional paper
Economic fundamentals do matter for the NZD/AUD exchange rate occasional paper

... Arbitrage in capital investment will also tend to result in PPP-type behaviour over the very long run. For example, if a country's exchange rate is such that the cost of labour is low relative to other countries, then production will be attracted to the relatively more competitive economy. Productio ...
Chap010
Chap010

... US$ which was convertible to gold at $35/oz. Agreed not to engage in competitive devaluations for trade purposes and defend their currencies Weak currencies could be devalued up to 10% ...
OTC derivatives: A primer on market infrastructure and regulatory
OTC derivatives: A primer on market infrastructure and regulatory

... instruments. For example, in figure 2 interest rate swaps have the largest notional amounts, but this does not mean they carry the most risk. In reality, the risk exposure from a particular type of OTC derivatives contract depends on various factors, such as the concentration of positions and the v ...
CHAPTER 12—EXCHANGE-RATE DETERMINATION MULTIPLE
CHAPTER 12—EXCHANGE-RATE DETERMINATION MULTIPLE

... © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. This edition is intended for use outside of the U.S. only, with content that may be different from the U.S. Edition. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. ...
Essay Questions
Essay Questions

... financed part of their massive military expenditures by printing money. Further, labor forces and productivity capacity had been reduced sharply through war losses. As a result, price levels were higher everywhere at the conclusion of the war in 1918. Of special note is the German hyperinflation tha ...
Essay Questions
Essay Questions

... financed part of their massive military expenditures by printing money. Further, labor forces and productivity capacity had been reduced sharply through war losses. As a result, price levels were higher everywhere at the conclusion of the war in 1918. Of special note is the German hyperinflation tha ...
Shopping - MBA6113-Technology
Shopping - MBA6113-Technology

... figured that once in a while the strategy wasn't going to work. It was often best, he concluded, to move out of the way when the market was moving sharply in one direction or another. He did not want to be stuck holding big blocks of stocks when their values unexpectedly plunged. If trading in a par ...
$doc.title

... constructed using WPIs is 7.61, fairly close to the 7.81 standard deviation found using CPIs (Table 1). The closeness of these measures suggests that volatile distribution costs are unlikely to be a significant source of real exchange rate volatility. 2. THE WORLD ECONOMY Here we develop a two-count ...
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Foreign exchange market

The foreign exchange market (forex, FX, or currency market) is a global decentralized market for the trading of currencies. This includes all aspects of buying, selling and exchanging currencies at current or determined prices. In terms of volume of trading, it is by far the largest market in the world. The main participants in this market are the larger international banks. Financial centres around the world function as anchors of trading between a wide range of multiple types of buyers and sellers around the clock, with the exception of weekends. The foreign exchange market determines the relative values of different currencies.The foreign exchange market works through financial institutions, and it operates on several levels. Behind the scenes banks turn to a smaller number of financial firms known as “dealers,” who are actively involved in large quantities of foreign exchange trading. Most foreign exchange dealers are banks, so this behind-the-scenes market is sometimes called the “interbank market”, although a few insurance companies and other kinds of financial firms are involved. Trades between foreign exchange dealers can be very large, involving hundreds of millions of dollars. Because of the sovereignty issue when involving two currencies, forex has little (if any) supervisory entity regulating its actions.The foreign exchange market assists international trade and investments by enabling currency conversion. For example, it permits a business in the United States to import goods from European Union member states, especially Eurozone members, and pay Euros, even though its income is in United States dollars. It also supports direct speculation and evaluation relative to the value of currencies, and the carry trade, speculation based on the interest rate differential between two currencies.In a typical foreign exchange transaction, a party purchases some quantity of one currency by paying with some quantity of another currency. The modern foreign exchange market began forming during the 1970s after three decades of government restrictions on foreign exchange transactions (the Bretton Woods system of monetary management established the rules for commercial and financial relations among the world's major industrial states after World War II), when countries gradually switched to floating exchange rates from the previous exchange rate regime, which remained fixed as per the Bretton Woods system.The foreign exchange market is unique because of the following characteristics: its huge trading volume representing the largest asset class in the world leading to high liquidity; its geographical dispersion; its continuous operation: 24 hours a day except weekends, i.e., trading from 22:00 GMT on Sunday (Sydney) until 22:00 GMT Friday (New York); the variety of factors that affect exchange rates; the low margins of relative profit compared with other markets of fixed income; and the use of leverage to enhance profit and loss margins and with respect to account size.As such, it has been referred to as the market closest to the ideal of perfect competition, notwithstanding currency intervention by central banks.According to the Bank for International Settlements,the preliminary global results from the 2013 Triennial Central Bank Survey of Foreign Exchange and OTC Derivatives Markets Activity show that trading in foreign exchange markets averaged $5.3 trillion per day in April 2013. This is up from $4.0 trillion in April 2010 and $3.3 trillion in April 2007. Foreign exchange swaps were the most actively traded instruments in April 2013, at $2.2 trillion per day, followed by spot trading at $2.0 trillion.According to the Bank for International Settlements, as of April 2010, average daily turnover in global foreign exchange markets is estimated at $3.98 trillion, a growth of approximately 20% over the $3.21 trillion daily volume as of April 2007. Some firms specializing on foreign exchange market had put the average daily turnover in excess of US$4 trillion.The $3.98 trillion break-down is as follows: $1.490 trillion in spot transactions $475 billion in outright forwards $1.765 trillion in foreign exchange swaps $43 billion currency swaps $207 billion in options and other products↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
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