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Exchange rate overshooting and the costs of floating April 2004 1 Michele Cavallo
Exchange rate overshooting and the costs of floating April 2004 1 Michele Cavallo

... This paper is also related to a recent analytical literature on balance sheet effects and output contractions.5 This literature has stressed the role of “balance sheet effects” in explaining the contractionary effects of depreciations: when liabilities are in foreign currency while assets are in lo ...
MONETARY POLICY IN A DSGE MODEL WITH “CHINESE CHARACTERISTICS”
MONETARY POLICY IN A DSGE MODEL WITH “CHINESE CHARACTERISTICS”

... As China’s importance in global trade has increased, so has scrutiny about its capital account and exchange rate policies. Estimates of the severity of undervaluation of the Chinese renminbi relative to the dollar have been as high as 20 to 40 percent [Goldstein and Lardy (2006)]. While the renminbi ...
Contemporary exchange rate regimes: floating, fixed and hybrid
Contemporary exchange rate regimes: floating, fixed and hybrid

... The other regimes that Galí and Monacelli consider are a pegged exchange rate; and two Taylor (1993)-type rules that respond, respectively, to domestic inflation and CPI inflation. Pegging the exchange rate allows no variability in the exchange rate, but of all policy choices gives rise to the great ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES A THEORY AND EVIDENCE FROM EAST ASIA
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES A THEORY AND EVIDENCE FROM EAST ASIA

... from balanced by surpluses of the other industrialized countries (see Figure 1). The first strand of studies proposes that the recent deterioration in the U.S. current account primarily reflects a decline of the U.S. domestic saving and an increase in the U.S. demand for foreign goods. The second st ...
Tesis de Maestría en Economía Internacional
Tesis de Maestría en Economía Internacional

... which the government applies its aliquots outperform the prices of the goods and services (including factorials) that the government acquires, the government will be making a gain. This gain is similar to an intersectorial transfer of funds between society as a whole and the public sector, caused by ...
Understanding Changes in Exchange Rate PassThrough
Understanding Changes in Exchange Rate PassThrough

... pass-through: the degree of openness of the economy, the fraction of flexible-price firms in the economy, the credibility of the central bank, and the degree of exchange rate passthrough at the level of the firm. The third section discusses the empirical approach. My sample consists of 14 OECD count ...
The Efficacy of Foreign Exchange Market Intervention in Malawi
The Efficacy of Foreign Exchange Market Intervention in Malawi

... both external and internal factors, they were difficult to achieve in the 1980s. The late 1990s and early 2000s brought unique challenges emanating from the opening up of the economy and from globalization. A common feature of developing countries like Malawi is that their international trade is in ...
An estimation of the J-Curve effect between South Africa and the
An estimation of the J-Curve effect between South Africa and the

... pound as the accepted global currency (Judis, 2008). ...
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from... of Economic Research
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from... of Economic Research

... the Bretton Woods ground rules, under which markets could never be certain when payments restrictions would be imposed or exchange parities altered. Even limited speculative flows, operating through leads, lags, and similar avenues, could place governments under unwelcome pressure. The confidencebui ...
Does exchange rate depreciation have contractionary effects on firm
Does exchange rate depreciation have contractionary effects on firm

... This impact that exchange rates have on the real economy through their effect on firms’ financial conditions is referred to as the “risk-taking channel of currency appreciation”. Here the US Dollar plays a pivotal role: a currency appreciation vis-à-vis the US Dollar is generally linked with permiss ...
The Duration of Fixed Exchange Rate Regimes
The Duration of Fixed Exchange Rate Regimes

IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM)
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM)

... Theoretically, the multiplier-accelerator model describes that with the help of income and interest rate, changes in investment or capital stock can be determined. There are also many factors which are used to determine the investment; these factors include government policy, risk and profitability ...
Criteria To Be Considered In Assessing A Country`s
Criteria To Be Considered In Assessing A Country`s

... implications for the amount of domestic and foreign debt restructuring and/or debt reduction that the country will have to undertake in the near future to restore medium term debt sustainability. Thus, while discussing these alternative currency regimes, I will also consider the implications of thes ...
Economic Policy in Dollarized Economies with Special Review of
Economic Policy in Dollarized Economies with Special Review of

... Any currency that does not have gold coverage entails a big or a small risk. In the situation when the price of gold in the world markets fluctuates, returning to the gold standard would not itself guarantee the stability of a country’s national currency. With the increase in the number of independe ...
Study of the Behavior of the Indonesian Rupiah/US Dollar
Study of the Behavior of the Indonesian Rupiah/US Dollar

... Indonesia implemented foreign exchange restrictions during 1949-1965 to control limited foreign exchange reserves. In response to rampant inflation in the early 1960s, it introduced a new rupiah worth of 1,000 units of the old rupiah in 1965 and pursued a stabilization program during 19661970 to enh ...
tipec 04/1 - Trent University
tipec 04/1 - Trent University

... business lobby group that represents the most internationally-oriented firms – the Canadian Council of Chief Executives (previously the Business Council on National Issues) – has continued to defend the floating exchange rate regime during the NAMU debate. So too have the Canadian banks. NAMU has al ...
(PDF)
(PDF)

... currency depreciation needed to achieve a given reduction in the quantity of imports. A related question concerns the effect of exchange rate changes on overall domestic inflation. Some have argued that low import prices were the main reason behind the low inflation rates that characterized the U.S. ...
(1994) "The P-star model in five small economies,"
(1994) "The P-star model in five small economies,"

Exchange Rate Volatility on Investment and Growth in Nigeria, an
Exchange Rate Volatility on Investment and Growth in Nigeria, an

... effect of exchange rate volatility. Few of the studies have conducted both exchange rate volatility on growth and investment in Nigeria. Manalo, Perera and Rees (2014) examine the effects of exchange rate movements on the Australian economy using the structural vector auto-regression model using sea ...
Exchange rate and trade: an analysis of the relationship for Ukraine
Exchange rate and trade: an analysis of the relationship for Ukraine

... (net export) into ISLM model and allows analyzing the impact of the exchange rate on the economy. An another popular model in the field is Marshall-Lerner condition that represents so-called "elasticity" approach as it analyzes export and import elasticities and compares them. The condition suggest ...
Presentation
Presentation

... Virtually no capital expenditure No additional operations or engineering resources With benefits of BT interconnect rates ...
Entry Dynamics and the Decline in Exchange-Rate Pass-Through
Entry Dynamics and the Decline in Exchange-Rate Pass-Through

... It is well known that the degree of exchange-rate pass-through (pass-through herein) to import prices is low. The evidence surveyed in Goldberg and Knetter (1997) suggest that an average pass-through estimate for the 1980s would be roughly 50 percent for the United States, implying that, following a ...
Long-Horizon Forecasts of Asset Prices when the Discount Factor is
Long-Horizon Forecasts of Asset Prices when the Discount Factor is

... fundamentals are I(1). In this case, the h-period change of the exchange rate is the sum of h white noises, and therefore a white noise as well. The more interesting case is when Engel and West’s (2005) assumptions that fundamentals are I(1) do not hold, so that some economic fundamentals are I(0) r ...
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from... of Economic Research
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from... of Economic Research

... this caused the United States to generate a large and persistent surplus in its balance of payments on current account. The Fund rejected this view. The dollar shortage, it said, was actually a shortage of real resources for reconstruction that would end when Europe’s capacity to produce was restore ...
devaluation and its impact on ethiopian economy
devaluation and its impact on ethiopian economy

... and auction exchange rate regime. (Aron and Elbadawi, 1994 ) ...
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Foreign exchange market

The foreign exchange market (forex, FX, or currency market) is a global decentralized market for the trading of currencies. This includes all aspects of buying, selling and exchanging currencies at current or determined prices. In terms of volume of trading, it is by far the largest market in the world. The main participants in this market are the larger international banks. Financial centres around the world function as anchors of trading between a wide range of multiple types of buyers and sellers around the clock, with the exception of weekends. The foreign exchange market determines the relative values of different currencies.The foreign exchange market works through financial institutions, and it operates on several levels. Behind the scenes banks turn to a smaller number of financial firms known as “dealers,” who are actively involved in large quantities of foreign exchange trading. Most foreign exchange dealers are banks, so this behind-the-scenes market is sometimes called the “interbank market”, although a few insurance companies and other kinds of financial firms are involved. Trades between foreign exchange dealers can be very large, involving hundreds of millions of dollars. Because of the sovereignty issue when involving two currencies, forex has little (if any) supervisory entity regulating its actions.The foreign exchange market assists international trade and investments by enabling currency conversion. For example, it permits a business in the United States to import goods from European Union member states, especially Eurozone members, and pay Euros, even though its income is in United States dollars. It also supports direct speculation and evaluation relative to the value of currencies, and the carry trade, speculation based on the interest rate differential between two currencies.In a typical foreign exchange transaction, a party purchases some quantity of one currency by paying with some quantity of another currency. The modern foreign exchange market began forming during the 1970s after three decades of government restrictions on foreign exchange transactions (the Bretton Woods system of monetary management established the rules for commercial and financial relations among the world's major industrial states after World War II), when countries gradually switched to floating exchange rates from the previous exchange rate regime, which remained fixed as per the Bretton Woods system.The foreign exchange market is unique because of the following characteristics: its huge trading volume representing the largest asset class in the world leading to high liquidity; its geographical dispersion; its continuous operation: 24 hours a day except weekends, i.e., trading from 22:00 GMT on Sunday (Sydney) until 22:00 GMT Friday (New York); the variety of factors that affect exchange rates; the low margins of relative profit compared with other markets of fixed income; and the use of leverage to enhance profit and loss margins and with respect to account size.As such, it has been referred to as the market closest to the ideal of perfect competition, notwithstanding currency intervention by central banks.According to the Bank for International Settlements,the preliminary global results from the 2013 Triennial Central Bank Survey of Foreign Exchange and OTC Derivatives Markets Activity show that trading in foreign exchange markets averaged $5.3 trillion per day in April 2013. This is up from $4.0 trillion in April 2010 and $3.3 trillion in April 2007. Foreign exchange swaps were the most actively traded instruments in April 2013, at $2.2 trillion per day, followed by spot trading at $2.0 trillion.According to the Bank for International Settlements, as of April 2010, average daily turnover in global foreign exchange markets is estimated at $3.98 trillion, a growth of approximately 20% over the $3.21 trillion daily volume as of April 2007. Some firms specializing on foreign exchange market had put the average daily turnover in excess of US$4 trillion.The $3.98 trillion break-down is as follows: $1.490 trillion in spot transactions $475 billion in outright forwards $1.765 trillion in foreign exchange swaps $43 billion currency swaps $207 billion in options and other products↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
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