Chapter 2 - Carbon dioxide assimilation and respiration
... Life on earth is sustained by photosynthetic use of sunlight energy to convert atmospheric CO2 into carbohydrates. Billions of years ago, photosynthetic cyanobacterium-like prokaryotes were engulfed by early heterotrophic eukaryotes to produce aquatic photosynthetic organisms harbouring chloroplast ...
... Life on earth is sustained by photosynthetic use of sunlight energy to convert atmospheric CO2 into carbohydrates. Billions of years ago, photosynthetic cyanobacterium-like prokaryotes were engulfed by early heterotrophic eukaryotes to produce aquatic photosynthetic organisms harbouring chloroplast ...
Benthic Algae and Macrophytes
... Maximum biomasses of aquatic macrophytes generally occur in late summer Germination occurs in the spring Exponential growth phase occurs in spring and early summer Macrophytes begin to self-shade in summer During the period of maximum biomass, the reproductive phase occurs After reproduction in late ...
... Maximum biomasses of aquatic macrophytes generally occur in late summer Germination occurs in the spring Exponential growth phase occurs in spring and early summer Macrophytes begin to self-shade in summer During the period of maximum biomass, the reproductive phase occurs After reproduction in late ...
Pathways of ethanol production from sucrose by a
... only above a critical specific sucrose consumption rate of 4.2 g sucrose h-' (g cells)-' at pH 7, at which point pyruvate production was also seen. This can be attributed to saturation of the PFL pathway and PDH pathways by increasing glycolytic flux and consequent accumulation of intracellular pyru ...
... only above a critical specific sucrose consumption rate of 4.2 g sucrose h-' (g cells)-' at pH 7, at which point pyruvate production was also seen. This can be attributed to saturation of the PFL pathway and PDH pathways by increasing glycolytic flux and consequent accumulation of intracellular pyru ...
Seaweeds as a Source of Bioethanol
... of ethanol to 8% in the broth with 92% water. Large amounts of energy are required to remove the 8% ethanol from the 92% water (Pimentel and Patzek, 2005). Fermentation does not necessarily have to be carried out in an anaerobic environment for instance yeast cells greatly prefer fermentation as lon ...
... of ethanol to 8% in the broth with 92% water. Large amounts of energy are required to remove the 8% ethanol from the 92% water (Pimentel and Patzek, 2005). Fermentation does not necessarily have to be carried out in an anaerobic environment for instance yeast cells greatly prefer fermentation as lon ...
FTIR characterization and antioxidant activity of water
... Polysaccharides of marine algae exhibit different structural characteristics and interesting biological functions. In this study, crude polysaccharides (CP) of eleven Sri Lankan marine algae obtained through hot water extraction and ethanol precipitation were investigated for DPPH, alkyl, and hydrox ...
... Polysaccharides of marine algae exhibit different structural characteristics and interesting biological functions. In this study, crude polysaccharides (CP) of eleven Sri Lankan marine algae obtained through hot water extraction and ethanol precipitation were investigated for DPPH, alkyl, and hydrox ...
PDF (11.8 MByte) - Institute for Biophysics
... Figure 14-29. Redox potential changes along the mitochondrial electron-transport chain. The redox potential (designated E′0) increases as electrons flow down the respiratory chain to oxygen. The standard free-energy change, ΔG°, for the transfer of each of the two electrons donated by an NADH molecu ...
... Figure 14-29. Redox potential changes along the mitochondrial electron-transport chain. The redox potential (designated E′0) increases as electrons flow down the respiratory chain to oxygen. The standard free-energy change, ΔG°, for the transfer of each of the two electrons donated by an NADH molecu ...
Algal and cyanobacterial responses to fluoride
... Vennesland and Turkington37 identified two loci of fluoride action – a primary locus in the light independent reaction of photosynthesis and a secondary site associated with the light-driven H2O splitting Hill reaction, the latter being lesser sensitive. Sensitivity increased with decrease in pH. In ...
... Vennesland and Turkington37 identified two loci of fluoride action – a primary locus in the light independent reaction of photosynthesis and a secondary site associated with the light-driven H2O splitting Hill reaction, the latter being lesser sensitive. Sensitivity increased with decrease in pH. In ...
File
... A) Photosynthesis involves only reductions, while respiration involves only oxidations. B) Photosynthesis involves only oxidations, while respiration involves only reductions. C) In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is oxidized to form sugar, while in respiration, sugar is reduced to form carbon dioxid ...
... A) Photosynthesis involves only reductions, while respiration involves only oxidations. B) Photosynthesis involves only oxidations, while respiration involves only reductions. C) In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is oxidized to form sugar, while in respiration, sugar is reduced to form carbon dioxid ...
Alternative Electron Flows (Water–Water Cycle and Cyclic Electron
... functions, O2− spontaneously disproportionates to H2O2 and O2, i.e. the photoreduction of O2 in thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts is accompanied by the production of ROS (O2− and H2O2). Both O2− and H2O2 oxidize chloroplast enzymes, listed below, which lose their activity. H2O2 reduces photosynthe ...
... functions, O2− spontaneously disproportionates to H2O2 and O2, i.e. the photoreduction of O2 in thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts is accompanied by the production of ROS (O2− and H2O2). Both O2− and H2O2 oxidize chloroplast enzymes, listed below, which lose their activity. H2O2 reduces photosynthe ...
Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism: Plasticity and Evolution
... Cc) and light in fully hydrated leaves is defined as Apot. To achieve the same Apot at small RWC as at large RWC, Cc must saturate Rubisco and so Ca must be sufficient to overcome the limitation of gs. If Apot at small RWC does not attain the value of Apot at large RWC, despite CO2 saturation, then ...
... Cc) and light in fully hydrated leaves is defined as Apot. To achieve the same Apot at small RWC as at large RWC, Cc must saturate Rubisco and so Ca must be sufficient to overcome the limitation of gs. If Apot at small RWC does not attain the value of Apot at large RWC, despite CO2 saturation, then ...
The Biochemistry of C 4 Photosynthesis
... plants (cf., Osmond and Grace, 1995), it is clear that Ca plants have the capacity to perform effective photosynthesis under conditions in which RuBP oxygenase activity is restricted. Ca photosynthesis can be visualized as a mechanism to provide Rubisco with near saturating CO2 when C4 plants can af ...
... plants (cf., Osmond and Grace, 1995), it is clear that Ca plants have the capacity to perform effective photosynthesis under conditions in which RuBP oxygenase activity is restricted. Ca photosynthesis can be visualized as a mechanism to provide Rubisco with near saturating CO2 when C4 plants can af ...
Algae triglycerides
... TAG in algae need to be answered. Clearly, physiological and genetic manipulations of growth and lipid metabolism must be readily implementable, and critical engineering breakthroughs related to algal mass culture and downstream processing are necessary. The purpose of this review is to provide an o ...
... TAG in algae need to be answered. Clearly, physiological and genetic manipulations of growth and lipid metabolism must be readily implementable, and critical engineering breakthroughs related to algal mass culture and downstream processing are necessary. The purpose of this review is to provide an o ...
NITROGEN METABOLISM
... 10.4 NITRATE AND AMMONIA ASSIMILATION BY PLANTS As pointed out in the previous section, nitrogen fixation is confined to selected microbes and plants. But all plants require nitrogen because it has a role to play in the general metabolism. Therefore, plants which do not fix nitrogen, use other combi ...
... 10.4 NITRATE AND AMMONIA ASSIMILATION BY PLANTS As pointed out in the previous section, nitrogen fixation is confined to selected microbes and plants. But all plants require nitrogen because it has a role to play in the general metabolism. Therefore, plants which do not fix nitrogen, use other combi ...
The Metabolic Network of Synechocystis sp. PCC
... in a particular flux distribution that achieves a maximal growth yield, given predefined external conditions and exchange fluxes. We note that, owing to redundancy and flexibility within the network, the optimal solution is usually not unique. Once the constraint-optimization problem is specified, F ...
... in a particular flux distribution that achieves a maximal growth yield, given predefined external conditions and exchange fluxes. We note that, owing to redundancy and flexibility within the network, the optimal solution is usually not unique. Once the constraint-optimization problem is specified, F ...
Distribution and characteristic of nitrite-dependent anaerobic
... reduction process, named as nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation (n-damo), has also been demonstrated (Raghoebarsing et al., 2006) N-damo process is performed by ‘‘Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera’’ (M. oxyfera) bacteria, which is affiliated with the NC10 phylum (Ettwig et al., 2010). N- ...
... reduction process, named as nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation (n-damo), has also been demonstrated (Raghoebarsing et al., 2006) N-damo process is performed by ‘‘Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera’’ (M. oxyfera) bacteria, which is affiliated with the NC10 phylum (Ettwig et al., 2010). N- ...
Popeye knew what he was doing!
... Popeye knew what he was doing! Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Aerobic Respiration – Overview • There are four main stages in aerobic cellular respiration: 1. Glycolysis – Oxidation of glucose into pyruvate that occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. 2. Kreb’s cycle preparation – Pyruvate is us ...
... Popeye knew what he was doing! Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Aerobic Respiration – Overview • There are four main stages in aerobic cellular respiration: 1. Glycolysis – Oxidation of glucose into pyruvate that occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. 2. Kreb’s cycle preparation – Pyruvate is us ...
Use of mitochondrial electron transport mutants
... oxidation could be coupled to the mitochondrial electron transport chain without a huge increase in overall electron transfer rates relative to those that are commonly observed in darkened leaves (Table 1). This is because (1) only half the Gly produced must be oxidized, (2) at least part of the red ...
... oxidation could be coupled to the mitochondrial electron transport chain without a huge increase in overall electron transfer rates relative to those that are commonly observed in darkened leaves (Table 1). This is because (1) only half the Gly produced must be oxidized, (2) at least part of the red ...
Sink regulation of photosynthesis
... previously optimal for photosynthesis, would become excessive. Evidence suggests that the relative capacities for electron transport and metabolism are evenly matched (Ott et al., 1999). In addition, measurements of the steadystate redox poise of the chloroplast stroma suggest that under saturating ...
... previously optimal for photosynthesis, would become excessive. Evidence suggests that the relative capacities for electron transport and metabolism are evenly matched (Ott et al., 1999). In addition, measurements of the steadystate redox poise of the chloroplast stroma suggest that under saturating ...
Section 2: Energy Flow in Ecosystems
... Aerobic Respiration, continued Krebs Cycle • Pyruvate (from glycolysis) is broken down and combined with other carbon compounds. • Each time the carbon-carbon bonds are rearranged during the Krebs cycle, energy is released. • The total yield of energy-storing products from one time through the Krebs ...
... Aerobic Respiration, continued Krebs Cycle • Pyruvate (from glycolysis) is broken down and combined with other carbon compounds. • Each time the carbon-carbon bonds are rearranged during the Krebs cycle, energy is released. • The total yield of energy-storing products from one time through the Krebs ...
Photoinhibition of photosynthesis without net loss of photosystem II
... light intensity suggesting some damage to the electron transport chain under those conditions. The results indicate in P. deltoides, photoinhibition in intact leaves takes place under high irradiance which is more pronounced at higher temperatures. This observation is similar to those of Greer et al ...
... light intensity suggesting some damage to the electron transport chain under those conditions. The results indicate in P. deltoides, photoinhibition in intact leaves takes place under high irradiance which is more pronounced at higher temperatures. This observation is similar to those of Greer et al ...
Effect of Membrane Fluidity on Photosynthetic Oxygen Production
... on the photosynthetic apparatus we determined the photochemical activity of PSI and PSII of thylakoid membranes, treated with increased concentrations of the plant sterol (Fig. 2). With increase of the concentration of stigmasterol, the rate of electron transport through PSI decreases, reaching 20% ...
... on the photosynthetic apparatus we determined the photochemical activity of PSI and PSII of thylakoid membranes, treated with increased concentrations of the plant sterol (Fig. 2). With increase of the concentration of stigmasterol, the rate of electron transport through PSI decreases, reaching 20% ...
11. Archaea and Bacteria
... ancestor. Comparison of biochemical features in Archaea and Bacteria may result in suggestion of the mechanism of differentiation. Although phylogenetic difference between Archaea and Bacteria is observed by comparison of base sequences of rRNA, this is merely difference in base sequence in the poly ...
... ancestor. Comparison of biochemical features in Archaea and Bacteria may result in suggestion of the mechanism of differentiation. Although phylogenetic difference between Archaea and Bacteria is observed by comparison of base sequences of rRNA, this is merely difference in base sequence in the poly ...
Constraints on photosynthesis of C3 and C4 crop plants by
... EC50 and EC10 values for bean-cell suspensions are 600 and 200µmol TCA l–1 respectively. Govindjee et al. (1997) conducted an in vitro investigation using spinach thylakoids to characterise the effect of chloroacetates on photosystem II (PSII) function. They found that these compounds, especially TC ...
... EC50 and EC10 values for bean-cell suspensions are 600 and 200µmol TCA l–1 respectively. Govindjee et al. (1997) conducted an in vitro investigation using spinach thylakoids to characterise the effect of chloroacetates on photosystem II (PSII) function. They found that these compounds, especially TC ...
Tansley Review No. 112 Oxygen processing in photosynthesis
... photosynthetic cell ; the most important enzymes or reactants involved in these reactions are shown in boxes. The oxygen species acting as substrate in each reaction is indicated by the vertical position of the box. Oxidation of water is in green, blue shows disproportionation reactions and reaction ...
... photosynthetic cell ; the most important enzymes or reactants involved in these reactions are shown in boxes. The oxygen species acting as substrate in each reaction is indicated by the vertical position of the box. Oxidation of water is in green, blue shows disproportionation reactions and reaction ...
Reading materials 511/rumen microbes/rumen
... mitochondria, the conversion of pyruvate to acetylCoA (see Fig 2) and ATP production also take place in the hydrogenosomes. Whether other metabolic processes like amino acid metabolism and betaoxidation also take place in hydrogenosomes is not known at present. The most important message anaerobic f ...
... mitochondria, the conversion of pyruvate to acetylCoA (see Fig 2) and ATP production also take place in the hydrogenosomes. Whether other metabolic processes like amino acid metabolism and betaoxidation also take place in hydrogenosomes is not known at present. The most important message anaerobic f ...
Cyanobacteria
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Cyanobacteria /saɪˌænoʊbækˈtɪəriə/, also known as Cyanophyta, is a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis. The name ""cyanobacteria"" comes from the color of the bacteria (Greek: κυανός (kyanós) = blue). They are often called blue-green algae (but some consider that name a misnomer, as cyanobacteria are prokaryotic and algae should be eukaryotic, although other definitions of algae encompass prokaryotic organisms).By producing gaseous oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis, cyanobacteria are thought to have converted the early reducing atmosphere into an oxidizing one, causing the ""rusting of the Earth"" and causing the Great Oxygenation Event, dramatically changing the composition of life forms on Earth by stimulating biodiversity and leading to the near-extinction of anaerobic organisms (that is, oxygen-intolerant). Symbiogenesis argues that the chloroplasts found in plants and eukaryotic algae evolved from cyanobacterial ancestors via endosymbiosis. Cyanobacteria are arguably the most successful group of microorganisms on earth. They are the most genetically diverse; they occupy a broad range of habitats across all latitudes, widespread in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems, and they are found in the most extreme niches such as hot springs, salt works, and hypersaline bays. Photoautotrophic, oxygen-producing cyanobacteria created the conditions in the planet's early atmosphere that directed the evolution of aerobic metabolism and eukaryotic photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria fulfill vital ecological functions in the world's oceans, being important contributors to global carbon and nitrogen budgets.– Stewart and Falconer