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Lecture24
Lecture24

... –  This is Archimedes’ principle, which states that the buoyancy force is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid: ...
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Chapter 15 PPT lecture outline

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... field is also space and time dependent, i.e. E = E(x, t). Mobility and diffusion coefficients are steady state quantities, but the carrier velocity may differ considerably from the steady state value v(E), due to abrupt space or time changes of the electric field. v(E) can be considered accurate onl ...
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... particles of a fluid begin to flow, transferring heat energy from one part of the fluid to another. Heat transfer by convection is caused by differences in temperature and density within a fluid. Density is a measure of how much mass there is in a volume of a substance. When a liquid or gas is heate ...
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... At some angles of scanning there is a reflected signal appearing on the spectrogram. It has the same amplitude and width as the true signal, but lower intensity and it is shifted by the distance of half width of the signal. Also it intersects the main signal. It is possible to get rid of it by subtr ...
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Tomo-Hiko Watanabe Department of Physics, Nagoya University

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... The primitive elements which have been defined so far are intended to describe aspects of energetic behavior and they can be used in the construction of detailed models of specific physical systems. We should also be able to use energetic considerations to draw some general conclusions about behavio ...
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... The model in the COMSOL library has been validated against the experimental data[1]. However, the model is validated using the properties of air. Since liquid metal would be the fluid medium in our study, it is essential to ensure that the model still applies with the properties of this liquid metal ...
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... It is a difficult concept to visualize the mass of a fluid because its shape can change. So a more useful measurement is the density of an object. The density of an substance is the mass per unit volume of the ...
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< 1 ... 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 ... 59 >

Turbulence



In fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is a flow regime characterized by chaotic property changes. This includes low momentum diffusion, high momentum convection, and rapid variation of pressure and flow velocity in space and time.Flow in which the kinetic energy dies out due to the action of fluid molecular viscosity is called laminar flow. While there is no theorem relating the non-dimensional Reynolds number (Re) to turbulence, flows at Reynolds numbers larger than 5000 are typically (but not necessarily) turbulent, while those at low Reynolds numbers usually remain laminar. In Poiseuille flow, for example, turbulence can first be sustained if the Reynolds number is larger than a critical value of about 2040; moreover, the turbulence is generally interspersed with laminar flow until a larger Reynolds number of about 4000.In turbulent flow, unsteady vortices appear on many scales and interact with each other. Drag due to boundary layer skin friction increases. The structure and location of boundary layer separation often changes, sometimes resulting in a reduction of overall drag. Although laminar-turbulent transition is not governed by Reynolds number, the same transition occurs if the size of the object is gradually increased, or the viscosity of the fluid is decreased, or if the density of the fluid is increased. Nobel Laureate Richard Feynman described turbulence as ""the most important unsolved problem of classical physics.""
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