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Weather and Climate - Lunar and Planetary Institute
Weather and Climate - Lunar and Planetary Institute

... Weather and Climate Prepared for STEP, May 1, 2013 By the Lunar and Planetary Institute ...
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... water into water vapor in the atmosphere. Transpiration is the process by which plants release water vapor into the atmosphere. Evapotranspiration refers to all the water vapor released into the atmosphere. Both processes require energy to change liquid water into water vapor. Evapotranspiration con ...
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Atmospheric circulation



Atmospheric circulation is the large-scale movement of air, and the means (together with the smaller ocean circulation) by which thermal energy is distributed on the surface of the Earth.The large-scale structure of the atmospheric circulation varies from year to year, but the basic climatological structure remains fairly constant. Individual weather systems – mid-latitude depressions, or tropical convective cells – occur ""randomly"", and it is accepted that weather cannot be predicted beyond a fairly short limit: perhaps a month in theory, or (currently) about ten days in practice (see Chaos theory and Butterfly effect). Nonetheless, as the climate is the average of these systems and patterns – where and when they tend to occur again and again – it is stable over longer periods of time.As a rule, the ""cells"" of Earth's atmosphere shift polewards in warmer climates (e.g. interglacials compared to glacials), but remain largely constant even due to continental drift; they are, fundamentally, a property of the Earth's size, rotation rate, heating and atmospheric depth, all of which change little. However, a tectonic uplift can significantly alter their major elements, for example, the jet stream, and plate tectonics may shift ocean currents. In the extremely hot climates of the Mesozoic, indications of a third desert belt at the Equator has been found; it was perhaps caused by convection. But even then, the overall latitudinal pattern of Earth's climate was not much different from the one today.
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