An Introduction To Human Neuroanatomy
... Astrocytes are a type of glial (support) cell that have many functions. They create circuit boxes around synapses so as to allow and control communication between nerve cells. They coat both nerve cells and capillaries, thus influencing brain metabolism. They serve as “guide-wires” during the develo ...
... Astrocytes are a type of glial (support) cell that have many functions. They create circuit boxes around synapses so as to allow and control communication between nerve cells. They coat both nerve cells and capillaries, thus influencing brain metabolism. They serve as “guide-wires” during the develo ...
The Functional Organization of Perception and Movement
... groups of motor neurons (motor nuclei) whose axons exit the spinal cord and innervate skeletal muscles. Unlike the sensory nuclei, the motor nuclei form columns that run the length of the spinal cord. Interneurons of various types in the gray matter inhibit the output of the spinal cord neurons. The ...
... groups of motor neurons (motor nuclei) whose axons exit the spinal cord and innervate skeletal muscles. Unlike the sensory nuclei, the motor nuclei form columns that run the length of the spinal cord. Interneurons of various types in the gray matter inhibit the output of the spinal cord neurons. The ...
Pioneers of cortical plasticity: six classic papers by Wiesel and Hubel
... In the first paper of the 1963 triple back-to-back series (Wiesel and Hubel 1963a), one eyelid of kittens was sutured closed just before eye opening. The kittens were reared in this monocularly deprived condition until they were 3 months old, at which time electrophysiological analyses of afferent r ...
... In the first paper of the 1963 triple back-to-back series (Wiesel and Hubel 1963a), one eyelid of kittens was sutured closed just before eye opening. The kittens were reared in this monocularly deprived condition until they were 3 months old, at which time electrophysiological analyses of afferent r ...
Development and aging of cortical thickness correspond to genetic
... Cortical Thinning Throughout the Lifespan. We observed thinning across the entire cortex throughout the age range from 4.1 to 88.5 y. This finding is in contrast to earlier findings of regional developmental increases through preschool and early school years before later thinning (10–12, 18–22). How ...
... Cortical Thinning Throughout the Lifespan. We observed thinning across the entire cortex throughout the age range from 4.1 to 88.5 y. This finding is in contrast to earlier findings of regional developmental increases through preschool and early school years before later thinning (10–12, 18–22). How ...
Neural Networks - 123SeminarsOnly.com
... The neural network needs training to operate. The architecture of a neural network is different from the architecture of microprocessors therefore needs to be emulated. Requires high processing time for large neural networks. Another aspect of the artificial neural networks is that there are diffe ...
... The neural network needs training to operate. The architecture of a neural network is different from the architecture of microprocessors therefore needs to be emulated. Requires high processing time for large neural networks. Another aspect of the artificial neural networks is that there are diffe ...
Functional Disconnectivities in Autistic Spectrum
... function usually underactivity or hypoactive states, as well as atrophy or smaller physical size of neural structures. We also will recognize a common link between hypoactivity and atrophy of many of the same areas in all of these disorders. The only difference is usually if they are restricted to l ...
... function usually underactivity or hypoactive states, as well as atrophy or smaller physical size of neural structures. We also will recognize a common link between hypoactivity and atrophy of many of the same areas in all of these disorders. The only difference is usually if they are restricted to l ...
Development of the adolescent brain
... This process of synaptic proliferation, called synaptogenesis, lasts up to several months, depending on the species of animal and brain region. At this point, synaptic densities in most brain regions are at their maximum. These early peaks in synaptic density are followed by a period of synaptic eli ...
... This process of synaptic proliferation, called synaptogenesis, lasts up to several months, depending on the species of animal and brain region. At this point, synaptic densities in most brain regions are at their maximum. These early peaks in synaptic density are followed by a period of synaptic eli ...
Computational cognitive neuroscience: 10. Prefrontal Cortex (PFC)
... within the BG, and serve to delay motor responding to prevent impulsive choice under difficult response selection demands. • The ventromedial areas of PFC (VMPFC) including the orbital frontal cortex (OFC) have been shown to encode the affective value of different sensory stimuli, consistent with th ...
... within the BG, and serve to delay motor responding to prevent impulsive choice under difficult response selection demands. • The ventromedial areas of PFC (VMPFC) including the orbital frontal cortex (OFC) have been shown to encode the affective value of different sensory stimuli, consistent with th ...
Neural Correlates of First-Person Perspective as One Constituent of
... is constitutive for human self-consciousness. At the underlying representational or cognitive level, these operations are processed in an egocentric reference frame, where locations are represented centered around another person’s (3PP) or one’s own perspective (1PP). To study 3PP and 1PP, both oper ...
... is constitutive for human self-consciousness. At the underlying representational or cognitive level, these operations are processed in an egocentric reference frame, where locations are represented centered around another person’s (3PP) or one’s own perspective (1PP). To study 3PP and 1PP, both oper ...
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... area of A1. This measure allows higher sampling of cortical regions of particular interest without introducing bias into group data because densely sampled regions result in smaller polygons that contribute less to this measure. By contrast, the percentage of sites exhibiting a particular response c ...
... area of A1. This measure allows higher sampling of cortical regions of particular interest without introducing bias into group data because densely sampled regions result in smaller polygons that contribute less to this measure. By contrast, the percentage of sites exhibiting a particular response c ...
Lecture 6 - Wiki Index
... receptor molecules in the membrane of the post-synaptic neuron thus changing their shape. • This opens up holes that allow specific ions in or out. ...
... receptor molecules in the membrane of the post-synaptic neuron thus changing their shape. • This opens up holes that allow specific ions in or out. ...
Alcohol and error processing
... cortex. A computational model of response selection in the task used by Ridderinkhof and colleagues demonstrates how the ERN can be explained in terms of this theory (Yeung et al., unpublished). In the model (Fig. 1b), conflict is calculated as the product of the activation levels of the competing m ...
... cortex. A computational model of response selection in the task used by Ridderinkhof and colleagues demonstrates how the ERN can be explained in terms of this theory (Yeung et al., unpublished). In the model (Fig. 1b), conflict is calculated as the product of the activation levels of the competing m ...
Lactate Receptor Sites Link Neurotransmission
... receptor in the brain has not been reported, nor its ultrastructural localization in brain or adipose tissue. Here, we show for the first time the subcellular localization and the function of the lactate receptor GPR81 protein in brain cells. L-Lactate caused a dose-dependent reduction of cAMP in hip ...
... receptor in the brain has not been reported, nor its ultrastructural localization in brain or adipose tissue. Here, we show for the first time the subcellular localization and the function of the lactate receptor GPR81 protein in brain cells. L-Lactate caused a dose-dependent reduction of cAMP in hip ...
Transcripts/01_15 11
... c. A quick clinical application: Deep Brain stimulation is when they stick a tiny electrode in brain, usually in subthalamus, to dampen the effects of Parkinson’s disease. d. Hypothalamus: (“hypo” is sort of used here to describe “below”) it is anterior and below the dorsal thalamus, but it is a com ...
... c. A quick clinical application: Deep Brain stimulation is when they stick a tiny electrode in brain, usually in subthalamus, to dampen the effects of Parkinson’s disease. d. Hypothalamus: (“hypo” is sort of used here to describe “below”) it is anterior and below the dorsal thalamus, but it is a com ...
Neurophysiological Mechanisms Underlying Auditory Image
... of neural activity. Thus, these methods are invaluable tools for localizing cognitive functions, and their application to issues of auditory imagery is described below. The temporal properties of neural responses in cognitive tasks are best captured by direct measures of the neural activity. The ele ...
... of neural activity. Thus, these methods are invaluable tools for localizing cognitive functions, and their application to issues of auditory imagery is described below. The temporal properties of neural responses in cognitive tasks are best captured by direct measures of the neural activity. The ele ...
development brain section anatomy gross anatomy
... central canal of spinal cord in sub arachnoid space (most of CSF found here) absorption through arachnoid villi (arachnoid granulations) into dural sinuses problem: Pseudotumor Cerebri most common in heavier, young women associated with papilledema due to elevated intracranial pressure papilledema ( ...
... central canal of spinal cord in sub arachnoid space (most of CSF found here) absorption through arachnoid villi (arachnoid granulations) into dural sinuses problem: Pseudotumor Cerebri most common in heavier, young women associated with papilledema due to elevated intracranial pressure papilledema ( ...
The columnar organization of the neocortex
... neocortex. Columnar defining factors in homotypical areas are generated, in part, within the cortex itself. The set of all modules composing such an entity may be fractionated into different modular subsets by different extrinsic connections. Linkages between them and subsets in other large entities ...
... neocortex. Columnar defining factors in homotypical areas are generated, in part, within the cortex itself. The set of all modules composing such an entity may be fractionated into different modular subsets by different extrinsic connections. Linkages between them and subsets in other large entities ...
Visual Cortex and Control Processes Stimuli in Opposite Visual
... visual processing within occipital cortex. Each RF is typically exclusively contralateral within occipital areas, raising the question of whether attentional competition between stimuli in opposite visual hemifields can ever affect such low-level visual regions or only higher-level brain regions whe ...
... visual processing within occipital cortex. Each RF is typically exclusively contralateral within occipital areas, raising the question of whether attentional competition between stimuli in opposite visual hemifields can ever affect such low-level visual regions or only higher-level brain regions whe ...
Neuroimaging of cognitive functions in human parietal cortex Jody C
... preparation even before the target stimulus appears [23••,48••,49,51,52•]. Importantly, these baseline signals can be larger in SPL [23••] or IPS [48••,52•] than in other visual areas, suggesting that the parietal lobes may be a source of attentional control signals. Second, several studies have imp ...
... preparation even before the target stimulus appears [23••,48••,49,51,52•]. Importantly, these baseline signals can be larger in SPL [23••] or IPS [48••,52•] than in other visual areas, suggesting that the parietal lobes may be a source of attentional control signals. Second, several studies have imp ...
issues and problems in brain magnetic resonance imaging
... three main tissue types: white matter (WM), gray matter (GM), and cerebra-spinal fluid (CSF), is a area of great importance and much research. Many of methods applied are interactive, though efforts are being made to be replaced with fully automatic expert systems. It should be highly automated, rob ...
... three main tissue types: white matter (WM), gray matter (GM), and cerebra-spinal fluid (CSF), is a area of great importance and much research. Many of methods applied are interactive, though efforts are being made to be replaced with fully automatic expert systems. It should be highly automated, rob ...
Gestalt Issues in Modern Neuroscience
... 3.1. Receptive and perceptive fields A compelling and well-known phenomenon that may be explained in terms of concentric receptive fields is the Hermann grid illusion (Figure 3). Baumgartner (1960) first proposed that the dark illusory spots at the intersections of a white grid could be accounted fo ...
... 3.1. Receptive and perceptive fields A compelling and well-known phenomenon that may be explained in terms of concentric receptive fields is the Hermann grid illusion (Figure 3). Baumgartner (1960) first proposed that the dark illusory spots at the intersections of a white grid could be accounted fo ...
Ocular Dominance in Human V1 Demonstrated by Functional
... arises from microvasculature, at least at the highest magnetic fields available for human research (4 T). For fMRI studies using clinically available hardware, Ç3mm in-plane resolution and Ç5-mm slices are typical because of the limited signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) available in high temporal resoluti ...
... arises from microvasculature, at least at the highest magnetic fields available for human research (4 T). For fMRI studies using clinically available hardware, Ç3mm in-plane resolution and Ç5-mm slices are typical because of the limited signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) available in high temporal resoluti ...
Section 1: Anatomy of the sensorimotor system
... 1996). However, many of these criteria are difficult to test in the human brain, and many areas that are conventionally known as motor areas do not possess all these features. Therefore discussion here will include cortical areas that are conventionally described as motor areas, and that have been p ...
... 1996). However, many of these criteria are difficult to test in the human brain, and many areas that are conventionally known as motor areas do not possess all these features. Therefore discussion here will include cortical areas that are conventionally described as motor areas, and that have been p ...
Features of Neuronal Synchrony in Mouse Visual Cortex
... been hypothesized to play a role in defining cell assemblies representing particular constellations of stimulus features. In many systems and species, synchronization is accompanied by an oscillatory response modulation at frequencies in the ␥-band. The cellular mechanisms underlying these phenomena ...
... been hypothesized to play a role in defining cell assemblies representing particular constellations of stimulus features. In many systems and species, synchronization is accompanied by an oscillatory response modulation at frequencies in the ␥-band. The cellular mechanisms underlying these phenomena ...
Cortical cooling
Neuroscientists generate various studies to help explain many of the complex connections and functions of the brain. Most studies utilize animal models that have varying degrees of comparison to the human brain; for example, small rodents are less comparable than non-human primates. One of the most definitive ways of determining which sections of the brain contribute to certain behavior or function is to deactivate a section of the brain and observe what behavior is altered. Investigators have a wide range of options for deactivating neural tissue, and one of the more recently developed methods being used is deactivation through cooling. Cortical cooling refers to the cooling methods restricted to the cerebral cortex, where most higher brain processes occur. Below is a list of current cooling methods, their advantages and limitations, and some studies that have used cooling to elucidate neural functions.