Mitochondrial diseases affecting nervous system and muscle
... Respiratory chain proteins are synthesized from two different genomes: mtDNA and nDNA •mtDNA encodes 13 respiratory chain polypeptides, 2 rRNAs and 22 tRNAs •nDNA encodes the majority of respiratory chain polipeptides Transport of cytosolic proteins and their assembly with mitochondrial-encoded prot ...
... Respiratory chain proteins are synthesized from two different genomes: mtDNA and nDNA •mtDNA encodes 13 respiratory chain polypeptides, 2 rRNAs and 22 tRNAs •nDNA encodes the majority of respiratory chain polipeptides Transport of cytosolic proteins and their assembly with mitochondrial-encoded prot ...
THE DIENCEPHALON
... Medial nuclei (mediodorsal nc.) Lateral nuclei – dorsal tier (lateral dorsal nc., lateral posterior nc.,posterior ncc.,(ncc. of pulvinar) ventral tier ( ventral anterior – VA, ventral lateral – VL, ventral posterolateral- VPL, ventral posteromedial – VPM, ventral ...
... Medial nuclei (mediodorsal nc.) Lateral nuclei – dorsal tier (lateral dorsal nc., lateral posterior nc.,posterior ncc.,(ncc. of pulvinar) ventral tier ( ventral anterior – VA, ventral lateral – VL, ventral posterolateral- VPL, ventral posteromedial – VPM, ventral ...
Sensory Pathways (Ascending Tracts)
... pass directly to posterior white column Most of these axons ascend upward as bundles known as: ...
... pass directly to posterior white column Most of these axons ascend upward as bundles known as: ...
Thalamus 1
... Nuclei can be distinguished from each other by topographical locations within thalamus and by input/output patterns. Thalamus is divided into medial and lateral nuclear groups by a thin curved sheet of myelinated fibres called internal medullary lamina.. ...
... Nuclei can be distinguished from each other by topographical locations within thalamus and by input/output patterns. Thalamus is divided into medial and lateral nuclear groups by a thin curved sheet of myelinated fibres called internal medullary lamina.. ...
Vestibular System
... Axial muscles and proximal muscles of the extremeties; therefore, adjusts the contraction of muscles that oppose the force of gravity Medial Vestibulospinal Tract (MVST): arises from the caudal half of the VCN (especially medial nucleus); may have bilateral distribution in the caudal medulla but is ...
... Axial muscles and proximal muscles of the extremeties; therefore, adjusts the contraction of muscles that oppose the force of gravity Medial Vestibulospinal Tract (MVST): arises from the caudal half of the VCN (especially medial nucleus); may have bilateral distribution in the caudal medulla but is ...
Cerebellar control of the inferior olive
... nucleo-olivary pathway is GABAergic, but several investigators argue that its main effect is to regulate electrotonic coupling between cells in the inferior olive rather than inhibit the olive. However, there is now strong evidence that the nucleo-olivary fibres do inhibit the olive. Three functions ...
... nucleo-olivary pathway is GABAergic, but several investigators argue that its main effect is to regulate electrotonic coupling between cells in the inferior olive rather than inhibit the olive. However, there is now strong evidence that the nucleo-olivary fibres do inhibit the olive. Three functions ...
Review Questions
... (pes pedunculi) fibers. A vascular pathology of the nerve and motor fibers will result in which of the following symptoms? A. Ipsilateral nerve palsy and a contralateral hemiparesis B. Ipsilateral nerve palsy and an ipsilateral hemiparesis C. Ipsilateral hemiparesis with contralateral nerve palsy D. ...
... (pes pedunculi) fibers. A vascular pathology of the nerve and motor fibers will result in which of the following symptoms? A. Ipsilateral nerve palsy and a contralateral hemiparesis B. Ipsilateral nerve palsy and an ipsilateral hemiparesis C. Ipsilateral hemiparesis with contralateral nerve palsy D. ...
ppt file
... the pyramids, they decussate, which means that the axons within this fiber bundle cross from the left side of the brain to the right side of the brain. The cortex on the right side of the brain send and receives information from the left side of the body. I do not know why this is the case but it me ...
... the pyramids, they decussate, which means that the axons within this fiber bundle cross from the left side of the brain to the right side of the brain. The cortex on the right side of the brain send and receives information from the left side of the body. I do not know why this is the case but it me ...
CNS-4 Brainstem, cerebellum, cranial nerves 1. to know the location
... 4. to know the external features of the brainstem; 5. to know the sites of appearance of the cranial nerves at the base of encephalon; 6. to know external structure and the nuclei of the cerebellum; 7. to know the structure, recesses and connections of the fourth ventricle. A student should be prepa ...
... 4. to know the external features of the brainstem; 5. to know the sites of appearance of the cranial nerves at the base of encephalon; 6. to know external structure and the nuclei of the cerebellum; 7. to know the structure, recesses and connections of the fourth ventricle. A student should be prepa ...
Document
... – divided into hemisphere with lobes - like the cerebrum • anterior and posterior lobes – has a superficial layer of gray matter called the cerebellar cortex - like the brain – deep to this gray matter are tracts of white matter and gray matter nuclei – like the cerebrum – evaluates and coordinates ...
... – divided into hemisphere with lobes - like the cerebrum • anterior and posterior lobes – has a superficial layer of gray matter called the cerebellar cortex - like the brain – deep to this gray matter are tracts of white matter and gray matter nuclei – like the cerebrum – evaluates and coordinates ...
Lecture
... – divided into hemisphere with lobes - like the cerebrum • anterior and posterior lobes – has a superficial layer of gray matter called the cerebellar cortex - like the brain – deep to this gray matter are tracts of white matter and gray matter nuclei – like the cerebrum – evaluates and coordinates ...
... – divided into hemisphere with lobes - like the cerebrum • anterior and posterior lobes – has a superficial layer of gray matter called the cerebellar cortex - like the brain – deep to this gray matter are tracts of white matter and gray matter nuclei – like the cerebrum – evaluates and coordinates ...
Structural Loop Between the Cerebellum and the Superior Temporal
... imaging (fcMRI) suggests that the cerebellum is connected to the superior temporal cortex (O’Reilly et al. 2010; Habas et al. 2011; Dobromyslin et al. 2012) and to the inferior and anterior temporal cortices (Krienen and Buckner 2009; Buckner et al. 2011). By using dynamic causal modeling (DCM) in l ...
... imaging (fcMRI) suggests that the cerebellum is connected to the superior temporal cortex (O’Reilly et al. 2010; Habas et al. 2011; Dobromyslin et al. 2012) and to the inferior and anterior temporal cortices (Krienen and Buckner 2009; Buckner et al. 2011). By using dynamic causal modeling (DCM) in l ...
Motor System: Motor Neurons
... • Regulating muscle tone and force • Selecting synergies (direct pathway) and ...
... • Regulating muscle tone and force • Selecting synergies (direct pathway) and ...
Cerebellar Abnormalities Based on Chemical Neuroanatomy
... 5-HTergic fibers have been demonstrated immnohistochemically in the cerebellar cortex [4,56], and originated prominently from the lateral paragigantocellular reticular nucleus of medulla oblongata [4]. Cerebellar cortical neurons have been shown to express various types of 5-HTergic receptors such a ...
... 5-HTergic fibers have been demonstrated immnohistochemically in the cerebellar cortex [4,56], and originated prominently from the lateral paragigantocellular reticular nucleus of medulla oblongata [4]. Cerebellar cortical neurons have been shown to express various types of 5-HTergic receptors such a ...
Ch. 8 AP PP 2- Brain - Kalp-resources
... receive information through axons from many different association areas - these areas control extremely complex motor activities and perform complicated analytical functions 1. GENERAL INTERPRETIVE AREA - receives info. from all sensory association areas - is present only in 1 hemisphere (usually le ...
... receive information through axons from many different association areas - these areas control extremely complex motor activities and perform complicated analytical functions 1. GENERAL INTERPRETIVE AREA - receives info. from all sensory association areas - is present only in 1 hemisphere (usually le ...
cerebral cortex - krigolson teaching
... The two hemispheres of the cerebrum are not identical, and they differ significantly in their functions. In particular, the speech function has been found to be localized in one of the hemispheres that is commonly called dominant. The left hemisphere is dominant in about 96% of right-handed persons ...
... The two hemispheres of the cerebrum are not identical, and they differ significantly in their functions. In particular, the speech function has been found to be localized in one of the hemispheres that is commonly called dominant. The left hemisphere is dominant in about 96% of right-handed persons ...
Descending Spinal Tracts
... Receptors - also called hair cells encode location and movement relative to gravity ...
... Receptors - also called hair cells encode location and movement relative to gravity ...
Overview of the Reticular Formation (RF)
... The term reticular formation refers to the neuronal network within the brainstem, although it continues rostrally into the thalamus and hypothalamus and caudally into the propriospinal network of the spinal cord. A “coordinating system” (like the Limbic system) with “connections” to sensory, somatic ...
... The term reticular formation refers to the neuronal network within the brainstem, although it continues rostrally into the thalamus and hypothalamus and caudally into the propriospinal network of the spinal cord. A “coordinating system” (like the Limbic system) with “connections” to sensory, somatic ...
11_1_Dienc_CzehlárB
... It is a midline symmetrical structure,which is made of two egg-shaped parts. It is located at the crossroad of many nervous structures, interposed between the brainstem and the cerebral cortex. It includes tons of synapses. One of its main functions is the relaying of sensory and motor signals to th ...
... It is a midline symmetrical structure,which is made of two egg-shaped parts. It is located at the crossroad of many nervous structures, interposed between the brainstem and the cerebral cortex. It includes tons of synapses. One of its main functions is the relaying of sensory and motor signals to th ...
a comparative study of the histological changes in cerebral
... where the excess amount of lead is being reported in the consumables and environment. Once ingested orally in the food, from the environment or in mother’s milk to infants the lead is slowly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract [2] Inhalation or transdermal routes can also serve as the other forms ...
... where the excess amount of lead is being reported in the consumables and environment. Once ingested orally in the food, from the environment or in mother’s milk to infants the lead is slowly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract [2] Inhalation or transdermal routes can also serve as the other forms ...
Chapter 13 Central Nervous System
... A. Structure 1. hemispheres, separated by vermis 2. lobes - 2 each hemisphere, separated by primary fissure a. anterior b. posterior c. small flocculomotor - anterior and inferior to major lobes 3. cortex -gray surface with a. folia - fine ridges b. sulcus - grooves between the ridges c. Purkinje c ...
... A. Structure 1. hemispheres, separated by vermis 2. lobes - 2 each hemisphere, separated by primary fissure a. anterior b. posterior c. small flocculomotor - anterior and inferior to major lobes 3. cortex -gray surface with a. folia - fine ridges b. sulcus - grooves between the ridges c. Purkinje c ...
Nervous System
... 2. Buoyancy: because the brain is immersed in fluid, the net weight of the brain is reduced from about 1,400 gm to about 50 gm. Therefore, pressure at the base of the brain is reduced. 3. Excretion of waste products: the one-way flow from the CSF to the blood takes potentially harmful metabolites, d ...
... 2. Buoyancy: because the brain is immersed in fluid, the net weight of the brain is reduced from about 1,400 gm to about 50 gm. Therefore, pressure at the base of the brain is reduced. 3. Excretion of waste products: the one-way flow from the CSF to the blood takes potentially harmful metabolites, d ...
C Fiber Stimulation
... within lamina 2 (substania gelatinosa) Visceral noicieptive C fibers from the esophagus, larynx, and trachea travel with the vagus nerve to enter the nucleus solitarious in the brain stem Some unmyelinated afferent (C) fibers have been shown to enter the spinal cord via the ventral (motor) root, acc ...
... within lamina 2 (substania gelatinosa) Visceral noicieptive C fibers from the esophagus, larynx, and trachea travel with the vagus nerve to enter the nucleus solitarious in the brain stem Some unmyelinated afferent (C) fibers have been shown to enter the spinal cord via the ventral (motor) root, acc ...
Cerebellum
The cerebellum (Latin for ""little brain"") is a region of the brain that plays an important role in motor control. It may also be involved in some cognitive functions such as attention and language, and in regulating fear and pleasure responses, but its movement-related functions are the most solidly established. The cerebellum does not initiate movement, but it contributes to coordination, precision, and accurate timing. It receives input from sensory systems of the spinal cord and from other parts of the brain, and integrates these inputs to fine-tune motor activity. Cerebellar damage produces disorders in fine movement, equilibrium, posture, and motor learning.Anatomically, the cerebellum has the appearance of a separate structure attached to the bottom of the brain, tucked underneath the cerebral hemispheres. Its cortical surface is covered with finely spaced parallel grooves, in striking contrast to the broad irregular convolutions of the cerebral cortex. These parallel grooves conceal the fact that the cerebellar cortex is actually a continuous thin layer of tissue tightly folded in the style of an accordion. Within this thin layer are several types of neurons with a highly regular arrangement, the most important being Purkinje cells and granule cells. This complex neural organization gives rise to a massive signal-processing capability, but almost all of its output passes through a set of small deep cerebellar nuclei lying in the interior of the cerebellum.In addition to its direct role in motor control, the cerebellum is necessary for several types of motor learning, most notably learning to adjust to changes in sensorimotor relationships. Several theoretical models have been developed to explain sensorimotor calibration in terms of synaptic plasticity within the cerebellum. Most of them derive from models formulated by David Marr and James Albus, which were based on the observation that each cerebellar Purkinje cell receives two dramatically different types of input: one type of input is made up of thousands of weak inputs from the parallel fibers; the other type is that of an extremely strong input from a single climbing fiber. The basic concept of the Marr–Albus theory is that the climbing fiber serves as a ""teaching signal"", which induces a long-lasting change in the strength of parallel fiber inputs. Observations of long-term depression in parallel fiber inputs have provided support for theories of this type, but their validity remains controversial.