Classification of Igneous Rocks
... Classification of Igneous Rocks Classification I: texture Classification II: field relations Classification III: chemical compositions ...
... Classification of Igneous Rocks Classification I: texture Classification II: field relations Classification III: chemical compositions ...
Cratonic keels and a 2-layer mantle tested:
... First: What happens when cratons separate – Greenland-Eureka folding ...
... First: What happens when cratons separate – Greenland-Eureka folding ...
Fold Mountains
... Collision plate boundary Collision boundaries occur when two plates of similar densities move together (i.e. a continental plate and a continental plate). This causes the material between them to buckle and rise up, forming fold mountains. The Himalayas are an example of a chain of fold mountains ...
... Collision plate boundary Collision boundaries occur when two plates of similar densities move together (i.e. a continental plate and a continental plate). This causes the material between them to buckle and rise up, forming fold mountains. The Himalayas are an example of a chain of fold mountains ...
Neogene-Recent rifting and volcanism in northern Tanzania
... demarcated by numerous dykes and intruded by a chain of N - S aligned plutonic centres. In the EAR the onset of Tertiary magmatism has varied from around 35 Ma in Ethiopia in the north, with the onset in the youngest province in N. Tanzania at the southern end of the southerly propagating rift at ar ...
... demarcated by numerous dykes and intruded by a chain of N - S aligned plutonic centres. In the EAR the onset of Tertiary magmatism has varied from around 35 Ma in Ethiopia in the north, with the onset in the youngest province in N. Tanzania at the southern end of the southerly propagating rift at ar ...
CHAPTER 13 Denudation, weathering and mass wasting
... Rocks forming the Lake District terrane represent active subduction in a temperate climate setting, with crustal compression and shortening driving tectonic structures. Early subduction proceeded with the accumulation of trench turbidites before a short, sharp volcanic phase in the maturing fore-ar ...
... Rocks forming the Lake District terrane represent active subduction in a temperate climate setting, with crustal compression and shortening driving tectonic structures. Early subduction proceeded with the accumulation of trench turbidites before a short, sharp volcanic phase in the maturing fore-ar ...
the free PDF resource
... Earthquakes – effects and responses Earthquakes have primary and secondary effects The primary effects of an earthquake are the immediate impacts of the ground shaking. The secondary effects happen later on, often as a result of the primary effects. Primary effects ...
... Earthquakes – effects and responses Earthquakes have primary and secondary effects The primary effects of an earthquake are the immediate impacts of the ground shaking. The secondary effects happen later on, often as a result of the primary effects. Primary effects ...
Rocks
... adjustment of solid rocks to the physical and chemical conditions imposed at a depth below the surface zones of weathering and cementation, which differ from the conditions under which the rocks were originated. Sedimentary and igneous rocks are changed due to pressure and heat or chemical reactions ...
... adjustment of solid rocks to the physical and chemical conditions imposed at a depth below the surface zones of weathering and cementation, which differ from the conditions under which the rocks were originated. Sedimentary and igneous rocks are changed due to pressure and heat or chemical reactions ...
Geology Paper III
... and magnesium, c) silicon and aluminum, d) magnesiumand aluminum, e) magnesiumand silicon. ...
... and magnesium, c) silicon and aluminum, d) magnesiumand aluminum, e) magnesiumand silicon. ...
Lithological Moho boundary in Precambrian shields
... always easily detectable by the methods based upon interpretation of P-waves (e.g. reflection profiling and wide-angle reflection and refraction experiments). Generally, the Moho appears to be reflective in the areas where the depth to the Moho is of about 38-45 km, while in the areas of deeper Moho ...
... always easily detectable by the methods based upon interpretation of P-waves (e.g. reflection profiling and wide-angle reflection and refraction experiments). Generally, the Moho appears to be reflective in the areas where the depth to the Moho is of about 38-45 km, while in the areas of deeper Moho ...
The Rock Cycle
... 5. The three main minerals that make up granite are quartz, feldspar, and mica 6. Obsidian does not have crystals because it is lava that cooled too quickly 7. Sediments are small parts of rock that are carried and deposited by water, wind, or ice 8. Acid reacts with calcium, and because the sedime ...
... 5. The three main minerals that make up granite are quartz, feldspar, and mica 6. Obsidian does not have crystals because it is lava that cooled too quickly 7. Sediments are small parts of rock that are carried and deposited by water, wind, or ice 8. Acid reacts with calcium, and because the sedime ...
Lecture 8
... permit formation of early continental (granitic) material – Isotopic age dates within continents “cluster” suggesting several periods of “orogeny” – Early continents seem to represent “partial melts” of andesitic volcanics or early sediments. – Most of the present-day volume of continental material ...
... permit formation of early continental (granitic) material – Isotopic age dates within continents “cluster” suggesting several periods of “orogeny” – Early continents seem to represent “partial melts” of andesitic volcanics or early sediments. – Most of the present-day volume of continental material ...
Calaveras Complex
... Calaveras Complex In mid-Devonian time, after the Antler orogeny, the margin of the North American plate was immediately west of the Shoo Fly Complex and a subduction zone was present west of the continental margin. The rocks of the Calaveras Complex accumulated in this subduction zone. These rocks ...
... Calaveras Complex In mid-Devonian time, after the Antler orogeny, the margin of the North American plate was immediately west of the Shoo Fly Complex and a subduction zone was present west of the continental margin. The rocks of the Calaveras Complex accumulated in this subduction zone. These rocks ...
Basic Geology
... less dense felsic minerals (from feldspar and silica) dominate the igneous rocks of the upper crust while more dense mafic and ultramafic (iron and magnesium) minerals dominate those of the lower crust magma that solidifies below the Earth’s surface and remains surrounded by older, preexisting rock ...
... less dense felsic minerals (from feldspar and silica) dominate the igneous rocks of the upper crust while more dense mafic and ultramafic (iron and magnesium) minerals dominate those of the lower crust magma that solidifies below the Earth’s surface and remains surrounded by older, preexisting rock ...
Explain the relationship between igneous activity, magmatic
... batholiths will be coarse and will undergo fractional crystallisation and so a wide range of rock types may occur. Remember they can form zoned intrusions with basic at the margin acid in the core and intermediate between he two. ...
... batholiths will be coarse and will undergo fractional crystallisation and so a wide range of rock types may occur. Remember they can form zoned intrusions with basic at the margin acid in the core and intermediate between he two. ...
126_2013_475_MOESM1_ESM - Springer Static Content Server
... 30m. Seven gold-bearing quartz veins occur within these three alteration zones. The gold-bearing quartz veins occur as en echelon or lenses (Fig. 9B). The largest ...
... 30m. Seven gold-bearing quartz veins occur within these three alteration zones. The gold-bearing quartz veins occur as en echelon or lenses (Fig. 9B). The largest ...
The NE-Atlantic system
... concomitantly with the formation of the Central Atlantic Ocean. Following the intense rift tectonics of the Permian and Triassic, areas between Scandinavia and East Greenland were, however, subject only to a period of reduced tectonic activity during this period. The late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous p ...
... concomitantly with the formation of the Central Atlantic Ocean. Following the intense rift tectonics of the Permian and Triassic, areas between Scandinavia and East Greenland were, however, subject only to a period of reduced tectonic activity during this period. The late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous p ...
Chapter 4. TTG & Genesis of the Continental Crust
... TTG is an acronym for “tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite”. These granitoids, together with greenstone belts, are a typical feature of all Archean terrains. In addition, a rarer feature of Archean terrains is the occurrence of high-Mg diorite-tonalite-granodiorite rocks, collectively called “sanuki ...
... TTG is an acronym for “tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite”. These granitoids, together with greenstone belts, are a typical feature of all Archean terrains. In addition, a rarer feature of Archean terrains is the occurrence of high-Mg diorite-tonalite-granodiorite rocks, collectively called “sanuki ...
Sedimentary Rocks
... Form from the broken bits and pieces of previously existing rocks. Quartz is the most common mineral in these sediments because quartz is a hard, tough mineral and is stable chemically at the surface of the Earth. Feldspars, the most common minerals in igneous and metamorphic rocks decompose chemica ...
... Form from the broken bits and pieces of previously existing rocks. Quartz is the most common mineral in these sediments because quartz is a hard, tough mineral and is stable chemically at the surface of the Earth. Feldspars, the most common minerals in igneous and metamorphic rocks decompose chemica ...
Outer Core
... The theory of plate tectonics was developed in the 1960's. This theory explains the movement of the Earth's plates (which has since been documented scientifically) and also explains the cause of earthquakes, volcanoes, oceanic trenches, mountain range formation, and many other geologic phenomenon. ...
... The theory of plate tectonics was developed in the 1960's. This theory explains the movement of the Earth's plates (which has since been documented scientifically) and also explains the cause of earthquakes, volcanoes, oceanic trenches, mountain range formation, and many other geologic phenomenon. ...
Basement Sucks - School of Earth and Environment
... That groundwaters can penetrate crystalline rocks to mid-crustal depths was first appreciated from stable isotope studies of altered granite batholiths, and reinforced by examples of water inflows encountered during deep crustal drilling. Nevertheless, fluid flow modelling of sedimentary basins has ...
... That groundwaters can penetrate crystalline rocks to mid-crustal depths was first appreciated from stable isotope studies of altered granite batholiths, and reinforced by examples of water inflows encountered during deep crustal drilling. Nevertheless, fluid flow modelling of sedimentary basins has ...
Amphibious Array Arctic Beaufort Sea RoyOct7
... eastern edge of the Mackenzie River Delta in westernmost Northwest Territories, there is a welldeveloped margin fold and thrust belt of Cretaceous to the present age (e.g., Lane, 2002; see Figures 1 and 3). This is an extraordinary type of “subduction zone”, where the continental upper crust appears ...
... eastern edge of the Mackenzie River Delta in westernmost Northwest Territories, there is a welldeveloped margin fold and thrust belt of Cretaceous to the present age (e.g., Lane, 2002; see Figures 1 and 3). This is an extraordinary type of “subduction zone”, where the continental upper crust appears ...
Appalachian Planation Surfaces
... The Piedmont Province begins just east of the Blue Ridge Mountains from the Hudson River in the north to Alabama in the south. It is 125 miles (200 km) at its widest point near the Virginia-North Carolina border. The Piedmont is bordered on the east by the Atlantic Coastal Plain Province, the bounda ...
... The Piedmont Province begins just east of the Blue Ridge Mountains from the Hudson River in the north to Alabama in the south. It is 125 miles (200 km) at its widest point near the Virginia-North Carolina border. The Piedmont is bordered on the east by the Atlantic Coastal Plain Province, the bounda ...
Great Lakes tectonic zone
The Great Lakes tectonic zone is bounded by South Dakota at its tip and heads northeast to south of Duluth, Minnesota, then heads east through northern Wisconsin, Marquette, Michigan, and then trends more northeasterly to skim the northern-most shores of lakes Michigan and Huron before ending in the Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, area.During the Late Archean Era the Algoman orogeny added landmass to the Superior province by volcanic activity and continental collision along a boundary that stretches from present-day South Dakota, U.S., into the Lake Huron region near Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.This crustal boundary is the Great Lakes tectonic zone. It is 1,400 km (870 mi) long, and separates the older Archean gneissic terrane to the south from younger Late Archean greenstone-granite terrane to the north.The zone is characterized by active compression during the Algoman orogeny (about 2,700 million years ago), a pulling-apart (extensional) tectonics (2,450 to 2,100 million years ago), a second compression during the Penokean orogeny (1,900 to 1,850 million years ago), a second extension during Middle Proterozoic time (1,600 million years ago) and minor reactivation during Phanerozoic time (the past 500 million years).Collision began along the Great Lakes tectonic zone (GLTZ) with the Algoman mountain-building event and continued for tens of millions of years. During the formation of the GLTZ, the gneissic Minnesota River Valley subprovince was thrust up onto the Superior province's edge as it consumed the Superior province's oceanic crust. Fragmentation of the Kenorland supercontinent began 2,450 million years ago and was completed by 2,100 million years ago. The Wyoming province is the continental landmass that is hypothesized to have rifted away from the southern Superior province portion of Kenorland, before moving rapidly west and docking with the Laurentia supercontinent 1,850 to 1,715 million years ago. Sedimentation from the GLTZ-rifting environment continued into the Penokean orogeny, which is the next major tectonic event in the Great Lakes region. Several earthquakes have been documented in Minnesota, Michigan's Upper Peninsula and Sudbury in the last 120 years along the GLTZ.