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... high. A potential loss for current generations could therefore be substantially reduced and may even disappear, if an efficient BAU path is used. ...
... high. A potential loss for current generations could therefore be substantially reduced and may even disappear, if an efficient BAU path is used. ...
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... implemented abroad, be they the result of international agreements or not. This extension of the reasoning will be the topic of Section 5. 3. Evaluating two policies in terms of both benefit ...
... implemented abroad, be they the result of international agreements or not. This extension of the reasoning will be the topic of Section 5. 3. Evaluating two policies in terms of both benefit ...
The UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth
... fluctuations in the amount of the Sun’s energy reaching the Earth’s surface or the exchange of energy between the oceans and atmosphere, are included and evaluated. The effects of human activities are also incorporated, including: emission of and the warming effect of greenhouse gases, emission of a ...
... fluctuations in the amount of the Sun’s energy reaching the Earth’s surface or the exchange of energy between the oceans and atmosphere, are included and evaluated. The effects of human activities are also incorporated, including: emission of and the warming effect of greenhouse gases, emission of a ...
1 January 6, 2016 Subject to revision The George Washington
... discussion of possible group research projects Key questions: What are the issues involved in choosing a discount rate when evaluating long-term benefits and costs? What are useful approaches to decision-making under uncertainty and to evaluating the risk of catastrophic change? Debate topics: (1) I ...
... discussion of possible group research projects Key questions: What are the issues involved in choosing a discount rate when evaluating long-term benefits and costs? What are useful approaches to decision-making under uncertainty and to evaluating the risk of catastrophic change? Debate topics: (1) I ...
T The Social coST of carbon
... function, they then used these probabilities to derive estimates of willingness to pay to avoid harm from catastrophic climate change of between 0.45 and 1.9 percent of income for a 2.5°C warming and between 2.5 and 10.8 percent of income for a 6°C warming. These estimates of the cost of catastrophi ...
... function, they then used these probabilities to derive estimates of willingness to pay to avoid harm from catastrophic climate change of between 0.45 and 1.9 percent of income for a 2.5°C warming and between 2.5 and 10.8 percent of income for a 6°C warming. These estimates of the cost of catastrophi ...
Social Costs of Greenhouse Gases
... Disclosure Project (CDP) report, 29 prominent companies based in or doing business in the United States reported that they use an internal price on carbon pollution in their financial planning, to help weigh risks and opportunities related to climate change.15 ...
... Disclosure Project (CDP) report, 29 prominent companies based in or doing business in the United States reported that they use an internal price on carbon pollution in their financial planning, to help weigh risks and opportunities related to climate change.15 ...
Vulnerability Assessment
... • Outcome vulnerability: a linear result of the projected impacts of climate change on a particular exposure unit (biophysical or social), offset by adaptation measures. • Contextual vulnerability: both climate variability and change are considered to occur in the context of political, institutiona ...
... • Outcome vulnerability: a linear result of the projected impacts of climate change on a particular exposure unit (biophysical or social), offset by adaptation measures. • Contextual vulnerability: both climate variability and change are considered to occur in the context of political, institutiona ...
Adaptation and Mitigation
... • Some adaptation is occurring now, to（针对） observed and projected future climate change, but on a limited basis. • Adaptation will be necessary to address（deal with/应对） impacts resulting from the warming which is already unavoidable due to past emissions. • A wide array of（大量的） adaptation options（方案 ...
... • Some adaptation is occurring now, to（针对） observed and projected future climate change, but on a limited basis. • Adaptation will be necessary to address（deal with/应对） impacts resulting from the warming which is already unavoidable due to past emissions. • A wide array of（大量的） adaptation options（方案 ...
Environmental prices, uncertainty and learning
... which follows from the preceding discussion, is that policy makers should look to many models for evidence on the benefits and costs of environmental protection. Indeed, they should also look beyond the full set of models, taking, with due care paid to familiar weaknesses in human judgement under un ...
... which follows from the preceding discussion, is that policy makers should look to many models for evidence on the benefits and costs of environmental protection. Indeed, they should also look beyond the full set of models, taking, with due care paid to familiar weaknesses in human judgement under un ...
Targets for global climate policy An overview
... yield different estimates, particularly if vulnerability to climate change is assumed to change with a country or region’s degree of development and if forecasts about development patterns are different. Marginal cost estimates further vary with the way in which uncertainty is treated and with how r ...
... yield different estimates, particularly if vulnerability to climate change is assumed to change with a country or region’s degree of development and if forecasts about development patterns are different. Marginal cost estimates further vary with the way in which uncertainty is treated and with how r ...
Three Views of Two Degrees - Climate Emergency Institute
... A less mathematical, but equally influential assessment of the idea that there might be an important non-linear relation between global mean temperature and climate impacts was developed in the study „millions at risk“ (Parry et al. 2001). It provided an estimate of how many people would be exposed ...
... A less mathematical, but equally influential assessment of the idea that there might be an important non-linear relation between global mean temperature and climate impacts was developed in the study „millions at risk“ (Parry et al. 2001). It provided an estimate of how many people would be exposed ...
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... papers have dealt specifically with the question of equity weighting in relation to calculations of the social cost of carbon. Pearce, Cline et al. (1996) brought forward the idea that equity weights should be used when calculating the social cost of carbon. More recently, Stern (2006, p. 159) also ...
... papers have dealt specifically with the question of equity weighting in relation to calculations of the social cost of carbon. Pearce, Cline et al. (1996) brought forward the idea that equity weights should be used when calculating the social cost of carbon. More recently, Stern (2006, p. 159) also ...
Economics and finance - Prairie Climate Centre
... Round Table on the Environment and Economics demonstrated that our changing climate has inevitable social and economic costs, including lost productivity, increased risks to human health, damage caused by extreme weather disasters and losses in vulnerable resource-based industries such as forestry. ...
... Round Table on the Environment and Economics demonstrated that our changing climate has inevitable social and economic costs, including lost productivity, increased risks to human health, damage caused by extreme weather disasters and losses in vulnerable resource-based industries such as forestry. ...
Working Paper No. 405 September 2011
... ESRI working papers represent un‐refereed work‐in‐progress by researchers who are solely responsible for the content and any views expressed therein. Any comments on these papers will be welcome and should be sent to the author(s) by email. Papers may be downloaded for personal use onl ...
... ESRI working papers represent un‐refereed work‐in‐progress by researchers who are solely responsible for the content and any views expressed therein. Any comments on these papers will be welcome and should be sent to the author(s) by email. Papers may be downloaded for personal use onl ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES RISK-ADJUSTED GAMMA DISCOUNTING Martin L. Weitzman Working Paper 15588
... decision that must be made now, when the future productivity of capital is as yet an uncertain random variable having some probability density function (PDF). The future productivity of capital comes in the form of a permanent productivity shock that is drawn from its PDF immediately after the inves ...
... decision that must be made now, when the future productivity of capital is as yet an uncertain random variable having some probability density function (PDF). The future productivity of capital comes in the form of a permanent productivity shock that is drawn from its PDF immediately after the inves ...
Climate Change as Threat Multiplier
... Climate change as a multiplier National security practitioners have described climate change as a “threat multiplier” (CNA, 2007; DOD, 2014) or an “accelerant of instability,”(DoD, 2010) which essentially means that it has the potential to exacerbate other drivers of insecurity. This includes factor ...
... Climate change as a multiplier National security practitioners have described climate change as a “threat multiplier” (CNA, 2007; DOD, 2014) or an “accelerant of instability,”(DoD, 2010) which essentially means that it has the potential to exacerbate other drivers of insecurity. This includes factor ...
Rodent's rambles
... ‘Unique ... unrivalled... this is a book that challenges the very nature of existence’ ...
... ‘Unique ... unrivalled... this is a book that challenges the very nature of existence’ ...
Official PDF , 11 pages
... The research agenda behind much of this climate change work is to develop estimates that clarify the damages associated with increased greenhouse gas emissions and the benefits of reducing emissions, as proposed, for example, under the Kyoto Protocol of the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FC ...
... The research agenda behind much of this climate change work is to develop estimates that clarify the damages associated with increased greenhouse gas emissions and the benefits of reducing emissions, as proposed, for example, under the Kyoto Protocol of the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FC ...
Climate change, development, poverty and economics
... Institute. It has nine research programmes: ...
... Institute. It has nine research programmes: ...
Improving Livelihoods in Semi-arid Regions of Africa Through
... Continued land degradation—whether from climate change, unsustainable agriculture or poor management of water resources, is a threat to food security, leading to starvation among the most acutely affected communities and robbing the world of productive land (Pender et al. 2009). In addition, many po ...
... Continued land degradation—whether from climate change, unsustainable agriculture or poor management of water resources, is a threat to food security, leading to starvation among the most acutely affected communities and robbing the world of productive land (Pender et al. 2009). In addition, many po ...
The trade-off between intra- and intergenerational equity in climate
... countries or within a country. Studies such as Tol et al., 2000; Tol, 2002a,b, and Yohe et al., 2007 show that some sectors will lose from climate change while others will benefit, and poor countries are likely to face relatively higher negative impacts than rich countries. Several economic studies ...
... countries or within a country. Studies such as Tol et al., 2000; Tol, 2002a,b, and Yohe et al., 2007 show that some sectors will lose from climate change while others will benefit, and poor countries are likely to face relatively higher negative impacts than rich countries. Several economic studies ...
Working Paper WP 2015-06 April 2015
... the consequences of greenhouse gas pollution, going well beyond straightforward reduction of clean air in the future to temperature change and its repercussions, will be borne by generations yet unborn. Clearly, a market where they can express their demand for clean air to today’s consumers of clean ...
... the consequences of greenhouse gas pollution, going well beyond straightforward reduction of clean air in the future to temperature change and its repercussions, will be borne by generations yet unborn. Clearly, a market where they can express their demand for clean air to today’s consumers of clean ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES THE CLIMATE POLICY DILEMMA Robert S. Pindyck
... The discount rate used to do this, which I will denote by δ, is called the pure rate of time preference, but since we are looking at welfare for society as a whole, we will call it the social rate of time preference. What is the “correct” value for this discount rate? We know from a broad range of s ...
... The discount rate used to do this, which I will denote by δ, is called the pure rate of time preference, but since we are looking at welfare for society as a whole, we will call it the social rate of time preference. What is the “correct” value for this discount rate? We know from a broad range of s ...
powerpoint - Mitigation and Adaptation Research Institute (MARI)
... Impacts of Climate Change (see http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-pressoffice/2013/11/01/executive-order-preparing-united-states-impacts-climate-change) does not apply the term mitigation and includes the term “mitigation of impacts” into “adaptation.” It defines: (a) "preparedness" means actions taken t ...
... Impacts of Climate Change (see http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-pressoffice/2013/11/01/executive-order-preparing-united-states-impacts-climate-change) does not apply the term mitigation and includes the term “mitigation of impacts” into “adaptation.” It defines: (a) "preparedness" means actions taken t ...
Let`s Respond Guide and Toolkit - Department of Environmental Affairs
... Make a fair contribution to the global effort to stabilize GHG concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that avoids dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system within a timeframe that enables economic, social and environmental development to proceed in a sustainable manner. Eff ...
... Make a fair contribution to the global effort to stabilize GHG concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that avoids dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system within a timeframe that enables economic, social and environmental development to proceed in a sustainable manner. Eff ...