Induction of Antiviral Response Against Avian Infectious
... PAMPs that act as ligands for TLRs prompt downstream signalling leading to antimicrobial effects. However, the details of antiviral responses of lipotechoic acid (LTA) and CpG DNA, which act as ligands for TLR-2 and -21 respectively, elicited against avian viruses are scarce. We investigated whether ...
... PAMPs that act as ligands for TLRs prompt downstream signalling leading to antimicrobial effects. However, the details of antiviral responses of lipotechoic acid (LTA) and CpG DNA, which act as ligands for TLR-2 and -21 respectively, elicited against avian viruses are scarce. We investigated whether ...
ANEXO-8 Interleukin-2 activated natural killer cells may hav
... To study the role of Natural Killer (NK) cells in Leishmania infection, peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mice were infected with Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis promastigotes and incubated with interleukin-2 (IL-2)-activated NK (A-NK) cells at different ratios of A-NK cells to infected macroph ...
... To study the role of Natural Killer (NK) cells in Leishmania infection, peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mice were infected with Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis promastigotes and incubated with interleukin-2 (IL-2)-activated NK (A-NK) cells at different ratios of A-NK cells to infected macroph ...
Chapter 3 Weerdenburg EM, Bitter W,
... in adult zebrafish, but not in macrophages or embryonic zebrafish. Since embryos rely solely on innate immunity for their defence against pathogens, we reasoned that the adaptive immune system might mediate the increased virulence observed after one week of infection in adult zebrafish. Therefore, w ...
... in adult zebrafish, but not in macrophages or embryonic zebrafish. Since embryos rely solely on innate immunity for their defence against pathogens, we reasoned that the adaptive immune system might mediate the increased virulence observed after one week of infection in adult zebrafish. Therefore, w ...
Skeletal System
... they are attacked by the inflammatory response, by macrophages and finally, by lymphocytes of the immune system Lymphocytes are white blood cells and that each lymphocyte recognizes and attacks its own type of foreign molecule, called an antigen ...
... they are attacked by the inflammatory response, by macrophages and finally, by lymphocytes of the immune system Lymphocytes are white blood cells and that each lymphocyte recognizes and attacks its own type of foreign molecule, called an antigen ...
The Role of Nitric Oxide in Host Defence Against Mycobacterium
... Survival of M. tuberculosis within the macrophage .................................................................... 59 CONCLUDING REMARKS ............................................................................................................. 61 CONCL ...
... Survival of M. tuberculosis within the macrophage .................................................................... 59 CONCLUDING REMARKS ............................................................................................................. 61 CONCL ...
The Challenging Response of Physis to Inflammation
... Neuroscientists at the Lerner Research Institute at the Cleveland Clinic in Ohio found that inflammation actually helps to heal damaged muscle tissue. Health professionals control inflammation with medical interventions to encourage healing. The researchers say their findings may lead to new therapi ...
... Neuroscientists at the Lerner Research Institute at the Cleveland Clinic in Ohio found that inflammation actually helps to heal damaged muscle tissue. Health professionals control inflammation with medical interventions to encourage healing. The researchers say their findings may lead to new therapi ...
Toxoplasma gondii effectors are master regulators of the
... phosphorylate and activate STAT3/6 [41], which dampens TLR-induced cytokine production. Parasite induced MAPK signaling pathways also modulate IL-12 production [94], and there is evidence that T. gondii ROP38 may regulate MAPK function [7]. (iv) Binding of ATP to the purinergic receptor P2X7 and the ...
... phosphorylate and activate STAT3/6 [41], which dampens TLR-induced cytokine production. Parasite induced MAPK signaling pathways also modulate IL-12 production [94], and there is evidence that T. gondii ROP38 may regulate MAPK function [7]. (iv) Binding of ATP to the purinergic receptor P2X7 and the ...
Doctoral thesis from the Department of Immunology, the Wenner-Gren Institute,... University, Stockholm, Sweden
... In most infected individuals, who do not develop active TB, a delicate balance is established between the host immune response and the M. tuberculosis virulence, which is termed ‘granuloma formation’ (14, 15). The structure of granulomas is a cluster of M. tuberculosis living inside macrophages surr ...
... In most infected individuals, who do not develop active TB, a delicate balance is established between the host immune response and the M. tuberculosis virulence, which is termed ‘granuloma formation’ (14, 15). The structure of granulomas is a cluster of M. tuberculosis living inside macrophages surr ...
Follicles in Hypertrophied Tonsils
... Aim: To study histomorphological changes of lymphoid follicles and to co-relate the extent of these changes to the tonsillar hypertrophy. Methods: Enlarged tonsils from thirty children with obstructive airway symptoms were obtained after tonsillectomy. Normal tonsils were obtained from 10 children’s ...
... Aim: To study histomorphological changes of lymphoid follicles and to co-relate the extent of these changes to the tonsillar hypertrophy. Methods: Enlarged tonsils from thirty children with obstructive airway symptoms were obtained after tonsillectomy. Normal tonsils were obtained from 10 children’s ...
Lung interstitial macrophages alter dendritic Research article
... DCs. Phagocytosis was determined by flow cytometry evaluation of FITC-labeled dextran uptake. Although lung DCs were able to take up dextran, only IMs and AMs displayed strong phagocytic activity (Figure 1H). To assess their ability to induce T cell proliferation, IMs, AMs, and lung DCs were loaded ...
... DCs. Phagocytosis was determined by flow cytometry evaluation of FITC-labeled dextran uptake. Although lung DCs were able to take up dextran, only IMs and AMs displayed strong phagocytic activity (Figure 1H). To assess their ability to induce T cell proliferation, IMs, AMs, and lung DCs were loaded ...
Phagocytosis: a repertoire of receptors and Ca as a key second
... surface epitopes [14]. C3b- or iC3b-opsonized particles are recognized by CRs (complement receptors) members of the integrin superfamily, whereas IgG-opsonized particles engage FcγRs [15]. In any case, receptor engagement leads to internalization of the particle into a phagosome by a complex sequenc ...
... surface epitopes [14]. C3b- or iC3b-opsonized particles are recognized by CRs (complement receptors) members of the integrin superfamily, whereas IgG-opsonized particles engage FcγRs [15]. In any case, receptor engagement leads to internalization of the particle into a phagosome by a complex sequenc ...
Type I and II IFNs modify the proteome of bacterial vacuoles to
... Intracellular pathogens such as Legionella pneumophila have developed sophisticated mechanisms to manipulate these host cell processes and establish an intracellular niche for survival and replication. To overcome these microbial threats, host cells and host organisms as a whole have evolved a large ...
... Intracellular pathogens such as Legionella pneumophila have developed sophisticated mechanisms to manipulate these host cell processes and establish an intracellular niche for survival and replication. To overcome these microbial threats, host cells and host organisms as a whole have evolved a large ...
xia immune activation 1
... and NKT cells, are also activated in other inflamed organs, such as the liver, to contribute indirectly to the atherosclerosis by increasing systemic inflammation and metabolic dysfunction. However, molecular events that link activation of different immune cells and abnormal metabolic conditions in ...
... and NKT cells, are also activated in other inflamed organs, such as the liver, to contribute indirectly to the atherosclerosis by increasing systemic inflammation and metabolic dysfunction. However, molecular events that link activation of different immune cells and abnormal metabolic conditions in ...
Intracellular NAD+ levels are associated with LPS-induced TNF
... [2]. Indeed, many diseases that were previously considered to be pure metabolic disorders now being reconsidered also as inflammatory diseases and vice versa [2]. Immunometabolism has been particularly well studied in macrophages, myeloid derived phagocytes with different phenotypes that can be invo ...
... [2]. Indeed, many diseases that were previously considered to be pure metabolic disorders now being reconsidered also as inflammatory diseases and vice versa [2]. Immunometabolism has been particularly well studied in macrophages, myeloid derived phagocytes with different phenotypes that can be invo ...
Biological Differences Between the Sexes and
... We discuss the possible underlying mechanisms, with particular focus on how sex hormones modulate the immune responses necessary for resistance to tuberculosis. Studying these differences may provide valuable insight into the components that constitute an effective immune response to this deadly pat ...
... We discuss the possible underlying mechanisms, with particular focus on how sex hormones modulate the immune responses necessary for resistance to tuberculosis. Studying these differences may provide valuable insight into the components that constitute an effective immune response to this deadly pat ...
6. DISCUSSION
... et al., 2001; Darwich et al., 2002). In our study, T cell depletion was documented with the CD3 antibody, a pan-T lymphocyte marker, making impossible to compare our results with those of other authors. However, T naïve lymphocytes, which are positive for both CD45RA and CD3 antibodies observed in t ...
... et al., 2001; Darwich et al., 2002). In our study, T cell depletion was documented with the CD3 antibody, a pan-T lymphocyte marker, making impossible to compare our results with those of other authors. However, T naïve lymphocytes, which are positive for both CD45RA and CD3 antibodies observed in t ...
Effect of Antigen/Antibody Ratio on Macrophage
... moderate antibody excess provided optimal T cell activation independently of the physical state of the complexes {precipitated by a second antibody or solubilized by complement) . Complexes in extreme antibody excess, on the contrary, did not yield T cell activation although taken up by APC efficien ...
... moderate antibody excess provided optimal T cell activation independently of the physical state of the complexes {precipitated by a second antibody or solubilized by complement) . Complexes in extreme antibody excess, on the contrary, did not yield T cell activation although taken up by APC efficien ...
4 results 28.06.13
... 4.1.1.4. Effect on intracellular Th1 and Th2 cytokines (Flow cytometric analysis) Measurement of intracellular Th1 and Th2 cytokines also acts as an important parameter for immunomodulation indicating the nature of T cell response whether pro-inflammatory (Th1) or anti-inflammatory (Th2) type. The p ...
... 4.1.1.4. Effect on intracellular Th1 and Th2 cytokines (Flow cytometric analysis) Measurement of intracellular Th1 and Th2 cytokines also acts as an important parameter for immunomodulation indicating the nature of T cell response whether pro-inflammatory (Th1) or anti-inflammatory (Th2) type. The p ...
Study Guide for chapter 14 Innate Immune System
... to kill and digest a microbe (8 pts) 17) How can microbes avoid phagocytosis? (6 pts) 18) What are the five signs and symptoms of inflammation (5 pts) 19) Discuss the difference between acute and chromic inflammation (6 pts) 21) How is vasodilation important to the inflammation process? (4 pts) 22) ...
... to kill and digest a microbe (8 pts) 17) How can microbes avoid phagocytosis? (6 pts) 18) What are the five signs and symptoms of inflammation (5 pts) 19) Discuss the difference between acute and chromic inflammation (6 pts) 21) How is vasodilation important to the inflammation process? (4 pts) 22) ...
Neutrophils in tuberculosis: heterogeneity shapes the way?
... activity of neutrophils observed in other studies could be attributed to an inappropriate cell stimulation. However, in some studies, neutrophils did not alter Mtb survival even upon priming with TNF-α [34, 35]. In the study by Corleis and coauthors, neutrophils did not kill Mtb but were able to kil ...
... activity of neutrophils observed in other studies could be attributed to an inappropriate cell stimulation. However, in some studies, neutrophils did not alter Mtb survival even upon priming with TNF-α [34, 35]. In the study by Corleis and coauthors, neutrophils did not kill Mtb but were able to kil ...
Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of
... migration inhibitory factor (MIF), has been shown to correlate with the regulation of macrophage functions [3,4], lymphocyte immunity [5,6], endocrine function [7e11] and a number of immune and inflammatory diseases [7,8,12e22]. MIF initially identified as an inhibitor of random migration of macrophag ...
... migration inhibitory factor (MIF), has been shown to correlate with the regulation of macrophage functions [3,4], lymphocyte immunity [5,6], endocrine function [7e11] and a number of immune and inflammatory diseases [7,8,12e22]. MIF initially identified as an inhibitor of random migration of macrophag ...
a mathematical simulation of the inflammatory response to anthrax
... degradative proteins (e.g., myeloperoxidase, bactericidal permeability increasing protein) that are directly toxic to bacteria and tissue. With the exception of NO, which may also help to protect the body’s cells from damage/dysfunction during sepsis, these molecules are also toxic to the body’s own ...
... degradative proteins (e.g., myeloperoxidase, bactericidal permeability increasing protein) that are directly toxic to bacteria and tissue. With the exception of NO, which may also help to protect the body’s cells from damage/dysfunction during sepsis, these molecules are also toxic to the body’s own ...
Microbe-induced apoptosis in phagocytic cells and its role in innate immunity Robert Blomgran
... inhibiting the intraphagosomal production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in neutrophils during phagocytosis of E. coli decreased apoptosis below spontaneous apoptosis, further indicating that both pro- and anti-apoptotic pathways are triggered by receptor-mediated phagocytosis. Type 1 fimbria-expr ...
... inhibiting the intraphagosomal production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in neutrophils during phagocytosis of E. coli decreased apoptosis below spontaneous apoptosis, further indicating that both pro- and anti-apoptotic pathways are triggered by receptor-mediated phagocytosis. Type 1 fimbria-expr ...
Neutrophils in tuberculosis—first line of defence or booster of
... lacking ATG5 expression in macrophages, inflammatory monocytes, dendritic cells and PMN were aerosol infected with M. tuberculosis. In contrast to both, C57BL/6 and autophagy-impaired Atg16l1fl/fl -Lysm-cre mice, the Atg5fl/fl -Lysm-cre mutants showed significant weight loss, increased numbers of pu ...
... lacking ATG5 expression in macrophages, inflammatory monocytes, dendritic cells and PMN were aerosol infected with M. tuberculosis. In contrast to both, C57BL/6 and autophagy-impaired Atg16l1fl/fl -Lysm-cre mice, the Atg5fl/fl -Lysm-cre mutants showed significant weight loss, increased numbers of pu ...
Macrophage
Macrophages (Greek: big eaters, from makros ""large"" + phagein ""eat""; abbr. MΦ) are a type of white blood cell that engulfs and digests cellular debris, foreign substances, microbes, cancer cells, and anything else that does not have the types of proteins specific to the surface of healthy body cells on its surface in a process called phagocytosis. Macrophages were first discovered by Élie Metchnikoff, a Russian bacteriologist, in 1884. They are found in essentially all tissues, where they patrol for potential pathogens by amoeboid movement. They play a critical role in non-specific defense (innate immunity), and also help initiate specific defense mechanisms (adaptive immunity) by recruiting other immune cells such as lymphocytes. In humans, dysfunctional macrophages cause severe diseases such as chronic granulomatous disease that result in frequent infections.Beyond increasing inflammation and stimulating the immune system, macrophages also play an important anti-inflammatory role and can decrease immune reactions through the release of cytokines. Macrophages that encourage inflammation are called M1 macrophages, whereas those that decrease inflammation and encourage tissue repair are called M2 macrophages. This difference is reflected in their metabolism, M1 macrophages have the unique ability to metabolize arginine to the ""killer"" molecule nitric oxide, whereas M2 macrophages have the unique ability to metabolize arginine to the ""repair"" molecule ornithine.Human macrophages are about 21 micrometres (0.00083 in) in diameter and are produced by the differentiation of monocytes in tissues. They can be identified using flow cytometry or immunohistochemical staining by their specific expression of proteins such as CD14, CD40, CD11b, CD64, F4/80 (mice)/EMR1 (human), lysozyme M, MAC-1/MAC-3 and CD68.