Hepatitis B Virus induces innate immune response UPOn COntact
... We found that HBV induced proinflammatory cytokines like IL-6, IL-8 and TNFα in KC, LSEC and monocyte derived macrophages within a few hours post inoculation, but not in PHH or murine macrophages. The same held true for adenoassociated virus (AAV) particles used as a control. The viruses activated N ...
... We found that HBV induced proinflammatory cytokines like IL-6, IL-8 and TNFα in KC, LSEC and monocyte derived macrophages within a few hours post inoculation, but not in PHH or murine macrophages. The same held true for adenoassociated virus (AAV) particles used as a control. The viruses activated N ...
"ISG15 regulates peritoneal macrophage functionality against viral
... Upon viral infection, the production of type I interferon (IFN) and the subsequent upregulation of IFN stimulated genes (ISGs) generate an antiviral state with an important role in the activation of innate and adaptive host immune responses. The ubiquitin-like protein (UBL) ISG15 is a critical IFN-i ...
... Upon viral infection, the production of type I interferon (IFN) and the subsequent upregulation of IFN stimulated genes (ISGs) generate an antiviral state with an important role in the activation of innate and adaptive host immune responses. The ubiquitin-like protein (UBL) ISG15 is a critical IFN-i ...
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
... Molecules which belong to the body = Self Antigens which are foreign = Non-self ...
... Molecules which belong to the body = Self Antigens which are foreign = Non-self ...
Cora`s presentation
... microbes and chronic infection occurs, large numbers can fuse together forming giant cells. ~Granulomas- concentrated groups of macrophages, T cells, giant cells. Contain organisms and material that can’t be destroyed by walling off and retaining the debris to prevent infection of more cells. Granul ...
... microbes and chronic infection occurs, large numbers can fuse together forming giant cells. ~Granulomas- concentrated groups of macrophages, T cells, giant cells. Contain organisms and material that can’t be destroyed by walling off and retaining the debris to prevent infection of more cells. Granul ...
prrs_3_pathogenesis
... discolouration of the extremities. Piglets die as a result of severe pneumonia or high fever and dehydration. Transplacental infection of foetuses can lead to foetal death and resorption or abortion. The mechanisms that cause immune suppression have not been fully elucidated. Response to viral infec ...
... discolouration of the extremities. Piglets die as a result of severe pneumonia or high fever and dehydration. Transplacental infection of foetuses can lead to foetal death and resorption or abortion. The mechanisms that cause immune suppression have not been fully elucidated. Response to viral infec ...
Macrophage
Macrophages (Greek: big eaters, from makros ""large"" + phagein ""eat""; abbr. MΦ) are a type of white blood cell that engulfs and digests cellular debris, foreign substances, microbes, cancer cells, and anything else that does not have the types of proteins specific to the surface of healthy body cells on its surface in a process called phagocytosis. Macrophages were first discovered by Élie Metchnikoff, a Russian bacteriologist, in 1884. They are found in essentially all tissues, where they patrol for potential pathogens by amoeboid movement. They play a critical role in non-specific defense (innate immunity), and also help initiate specific defense mechanisms (adaptive immunity) by recruiting other immune cells such as lymphocytes. In humans, dysfunctional macrophages cause severe diseases such as chronic granulomatous disease that result in frequent infections.Beyond increasing inflammation and stimulating the immune system, macrophages also play an important anti-inflammatory role and can decrease immune reactions through the release of cytokines. Macrophages that encourage inflammation are called M1 macrophages, whereas those that decrease inflammation and encourage tissue repair are called M2 macrophages. This difference is reflected in their metabolism, M1 macrophages have the unique ability to metabolize arginine to the ""killer"" molecule nitric oxide, whereas M2 macrophages have the unique ability to metabolize arginine to the ""repair"" molecule ornithine.Human macrophages are about 21 micrometres (0.00083 in) in diameter and are produced by the differentiation of monocytes in tissues. They can be identified using flow cytometry or immunohistochemical staining by their specific expression of proteins such as CD14, CD40, CD11b, CD64, F4/80 (mice)/EMR1 (human), lysozyme M, MAC-1/MAC-3 and CD68.