Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning: Basic
... Species are primarily redundant: Loss of species is compensated for by other species with a similar function. Conversely, the addition of such species adds nothing new to the system. The graphical presentation show an asymptotic relationship in which a major proportion is insensitive to changes in d ...
... Species are primarily redundant: Loss of species is compensated for by other species with a similar function. Conversely, the addition of such species adds nothing new to the system. The graphical presentation show an asymptotic relationship in which a major proportion is insensitive to changes in d ...
Unanswered questions in ecology
... with movement on some spatial mosaic of patches, can give rise to complex cyclic or chaotic spatial patterns. For instance, a good deal of theoretical and empirical evidence suggests that the persistence of host^parasitoid systems depends on the details of non-uniform distributions of hosts and para ...
... with movement on some spatial mosaic of patches, can give rise to complex cyclic or chaotic spatial patterns. For instance, a good deal of theoretical and empirical evidence suggests that the persistence of host^parasitoid systems depends on the details of non-uniform distributions of hosts and para ...
Re-wilding North America Level - The National Evolutionary
... just onagers, leaving out the other wild asses. If students are having difficulty locating information searching for “donkey”, using more specific terms, such as onager or ass will yield more information. National Science Standards Content Standard Biological C: Life Science Evolution ...
... just onagers, leaving out the other wild asses. If students are having difficulty locating information searching for “donkey”, using more specific terms, such as onager or ass will yield more information. National Science Standards Content Standard Biological C: Life Science Evolution ...
ch16 (1) - Napa Valley College
... human development Habitat corridorsallow animals to move from one fragment to another ...
... human development Habitat corridorsallow animals to move from one fragment to another ...
Reinventing mutualism between humans and wild fauna
... culturalservices(roleofbirdsinartandreligionorbirdwatchingtourism)(Whelan etal .2008). The ecosystem services provided by birds mainly occur beyond urban boundaries, but can occasionally take place within highly anthropized (human-altered) environments. Urban areas represent particular ecosystems th ...
... culturalservices(roleofbirdsinartandreligionorbirdwatchingtourism)(Whelan etal .2008). The ecosystem services provided by birds mainly occur beyond urban boundaries, but can occasionally take place within highly anthropized (human-altered) environments. Urban areas represent particular ecosystems th ...
i3157e08
... that scientists estimate that there may be up to 10 million species living within the seas? The marine environment is home to a stunning variety of beautiful creatures, ranging from single-celled organisms to the biggest animal ever to have lived on the Earth – the blue whale. This chapter describes ...
... that scientists estimate that there may be up to 10 million species living within the seas? The marine environment is home to a stunning variety of beautiful creatures, ranging from single-celled organisms to the biggest animal ever to have lived on the Earth – the blue whale. This chapter describes ...
Next generation biogeography
... Cape (reaching back into the Oligocene, > 25 Ma; Verboom et al., 2009; Schnitzler et al., 2011) and relatively constant and moderate (by global standards) rates of net diversification ever since (Linder, 2008; Valente et al., 2010; Schnitzler et al., 2011). In contrast, the key mechanisms currently ...
... Cape (reaching back into the Oligocene, > 25 Ma; Verboom et al., 2009; Schnitzler et al., 2011) and relatively constant and moderate (by global standards) rates of net diversification ever since (Linder, 2008; Valente et al., 2010; Schnitzler et al., 2011). In contrast, the key mechanisms currently ...
25-Diversity.Stability
... Can be no more than 5-7 trophic levels, food chain loops are disallowed, must be at least one producer in every ecosystem, etc. Astronomically large numbers of random systems : for only 40 species, there are 10764 possible networks of which only about 10500 are biologically reasonable — realistic sy ...
... Can be no more than 5-7 trophic levels, food chain loops are disallowed, must be at least one producer in every ecosystem, etc. Astronomically large numbers of random systems : for only 40 species, there are 10764 possible networks of which only about 10500 are biologically reasonable — realistic sy ...
produktivitas ekosistem dan jasanya
... species loss will have on the function of an ecosystem. If one species is lost there is only a small loss in efficiency, however if multiple are lost the the ecosystem will experience a large drop in its functions and essentially fall apart, just as an airplane wing would if it lost too many rivets ...
... species loss will have on the function of an ecosystem. If one species is lost there is only a small loss in efficiency, however if multiple are lost the the ecosystem will experience a large drop in its functions and essentially fall apart, just as an airplane wing would if it lost too many rivets ...
LESSON TWO INVASIVE SPECIES AND BIODIVERSITY
... by microparasites) are also significant. There are many examples in which these threats, alone or combined, have caused extremely rapid declines and even extinctions. Impacts There are also indirect impacts caused by invasive species; the removal or reduction of one ...
... by microparasites) are also significant. There are many examples in which these threats, alone or combined, have caused extremely rapid declines and even extinctions. Impacts There are also indirect impacts caused by invasive species; the removal or reduction of one ...
Overgrazing - IDC Technologies
... Overgrazing is herbivory (animal comsumption of plants) that extracts an unsustainable yield of floral biomass from an ecosystem; however, the term is most often applied to the actions of wild or domesticated ungulates. While this relatively intensive practice may apply to livestock or native specie ...
... Overgrazing is herbivory (animal comsumption of plants) that extracts an unsustainable yield of floral biomass from an ecosystem; however, the term is most often applied to the actions of wild or domesticated ungulates. While this relatively intensive practice may apply to livestock or native specie ...
ecosystem freshwater - Conservation International
... Ecosystem services are the benefits that functioning ecosystems provide to people. These services, many of which are critical for supporting life on Earth, include provision of fresh water, protection from storm surges/flooding, fertile soil and food, clean air, climate regulation, and medicines. Th ...
... Ecosystem services are the benefits that functioning ecosystems provide to people. These services, many of which are critical for supporting life on Earth, include provision of fresh water, protection from storm surges/flooding, fertile soil and food, clean air, climate regulation, and medicines. Th ...
AP Project (Final)highbaugh
... 8. Trophic efficiency is the percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next. 9. Primary production is the amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs during a given period of time. 10. Secondary production is the amount of chemical energy in consumer’s ...
... 8. Trophic efficiency is the percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next. 9. Primary production is the amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs during a given period of time. 10. Secondary production is the amount of chemical energy in consumer’s ...
Chapter 45 book - Castle High School
... Ecologists have documented recurring patterns of species compositional change. Species composition varies along environmental gradients, after disturbances, and with changing climate. ...
... Ecologists have documented recurring patterns of species compositional change. Species composition varies along environmental gradients, after disturbances, and with changing climate. ...
DIVERSITY MEASURES
... The measure 2D can be interpreted as the number of “relatively abundant species” in the assemblage. All standard complexity measures can be converted to effective number of species. Since these and all other Hill numbers have the same units as species richness, it is possible to graph them on a sin ...
... The measure 2D can be interpreted as the number of “relatively abundant species” in the assemblage. All standard complexity measures can be converted to effective number of species. Since these and all other Hill numbers have the same units as species richness, it is possible to graph them on a sin ...
Australian Biodiversity Under Threat
... household survey carried out by the Australian Bureau of Statistics in 1993-94 revealed that 42.3 per cent of the Australian population over the age of 18 years visited at least one botanic gardens in the previous year. This paper describes the geographical characteristics which have resulted in Aus ...
... household survey carried out by the Australian Bureau of Statistics in 1993-94 revealed that 42.3 per cent of the Australian population over the age of 18 years visited at least one botanic gardens in the previous year. This paper describes the geographical characteristics which have resulted in Aus ...
In Retrospect: The book that began invasion ecology
... Elton also argued that complex food webs are likely to contain predators or parasites that can control invaders, whereas simpler food webs are more vulnerable to population explosions. As evidence, he pointed to the disproportionate numbers of invaders in environments such as remote islands and bore ...
... Elton also argued that complex food webs are likely to contain predators or parasites that can control invaders, whereas simpler food webs are more vulnerable to population explosions. As evidence, he pointed to the disproportionate numbers of invaders in environments such as remote islands and bore ...
Ecological Concepts, Principles and Applications
... Biodiversity is the foundation of a vast array of ecosystem services essential for human well-being (see Figure 2).2 Ecosystems support all forms of life, moderate climates, filter water and air, conserve soil and nutrients and control pests. Species (animal and plant) provide us with food, building ...
... Biodiversity is the foundation of a vast array of ecosystem services essential for human well-being (see Figure 2).2 Ecosystems support all forms of life, moderate climates, filter water and air, conserve soil and nutrients and control pests. Species (animal and plant) provide us with food, building ...
Ecosystem-level consequences of invasions by native species as a
... decomposed into two parts: (i) from a qualitative viewpoint, the structure corresponds to the role of each element in the system, which commonly refers to species composition (i.e., functional diversity) and redundancy. In the case of a trophic network, it covers the food web topology (sensu Ives an ...
... decomposed into two parts: (i) from a qualitative viewpoint, the structure corresponds to the role of each element in the system, which commonly refers to species composition (i.e., functional diversity) and redundancy. In the case of a trophic network, it covers the food web topology (sensu Ives an ...
Consumer species richness and nutrients
... understood. Using freshwater benthic algal communities in the laboratory as a model system, we find an unimodal relationship between nutrient availability and producer diversity, and that increasing number of consumer species increases producer diversity, but overall grazing decreases algal biodiver ...
... understood. Using freshwater benthic algal communities in the laboratory as a model system, we find an unimodal relationship between nutrient availability and producer diversity, and that increasing number of consumer species increases producer diversity, but overall grazing decreases algal biodiver ...
Byrnes_CV - Evolution and Ecology | UC Davis
... other UC Davis students over two years detailing the invasion of Northern Pike in California and the politics of invasive species eradication efforts. Lead Editor. Flag in the Ground Productions. 2005. Outreach and Internships: 2004-2005. Intern, Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary and ...
... other UC Davis students over two years detailing the invasion of Northern Pike in California and the politics of invasive species eradication efforts. Lead Editor. Flag in the Ground Productions. 2005. Outreach and Internships: 2004-2005. Intern, Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary and ...
Multitrophic Diversity Effects Of Network Degradation
... to disease spread, nutrient cycling, and others (Gamfeldt et al. 2008). These functions are perhaps more realistically represented by metrics that incorporate the functional contribution of both trophic levels, such as the proportion of prey taken by predators, or the percentage of flowers produced ...
... to disease spread, nutrient cycling, and others (Gamfeldt et al. 2008). These functions are perhaps more realistically represented by metrics that incorporate the functional contribution of both trophic levels, such as the proportion of prey taken by predators, or the percentage of flowers produced ...
Biodiversity–ecosystem functioning research in Chinese subtropical
... plants, animals and microbes. At the same time, forest ecosystems are essential providers of multiple ecosystem services important for human well-being. However, the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning has only been little researched in forests and therefore its role for the ...
... plants, animals and microbes. At the same time, forest ecosystems are essential providers of multiple ecosystem services important for human well-being. However, the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning has only been little researched in forests and therefore its role for the ...
Misleading criticisms of invasion science
... and ‘deliberate persecution’ (Thomas, 2013). In reality, managers are constrained by limited resources and seek to prioritize species that are likely to become problematic. However, this effort is hampered by several facts that are generally ignored by the naysayers: (1) the impacts of most invasion ...
... and ‘deliberate persecution’ (Thomas, 2013). In reality, managers are constrained by limited resources and seek to prioritize species that are likely to become problematic. However, this effort is hampered by several facts that are generally ignored by the naysayers: (1) the impacts of most invasion ...
lecture_1 - Dr. Christopher L. Parkinson
... a) Among species – differences among species of various organisms b) Among populations – Differentiation among populations may reflect historical impediments to movement and thus to relatively ancient population subdivisions. Differences among populations can also reflect natural, contemporary patte ...
... a) Among species – differences among species of various organisms b) Among populations – Differentiation among populations may reflect historical impediments to movement and thus to relatively ancient population subdivisions. Differences among populations can also reflect natural, contemporary patte ...
Biodiversity
Global Biodiversity is the variety of different types of life found on Earth and the variations within species. It is a measure of the variety of organisms present in different ecosystems. This can refer to genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation (number of species) within an area, biome, or planet. Terrestrial biodiversity tends to be highest near the equator, which seems to be the result of the warm climate and high primary productivity. Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth. It is the richest in the tropics. Marine biodiversity tends to be highest along coasts in the Western Pacific, where sea surface temperature is highest and in the mid-latitudinal band in all oceans. There are latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Biodiversity generally tends to cluster in hotspots, and has been increasing through time but will be likely to slow in the future.The number and variety of plants, animals and other organisms that exist is known as biodiversity. It is an essential component of nature and it ensures the survival of human species by providing food, fuel, shelter, medicines and other resources to mankind. The richness of biodiversity depends on the climatic conditions and area of the region. All species of plants taken together are known as flora and about 70,000 species of plants are known till date. All species of animals taken together are known as fauna which includes birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, insects, crustaceans, molluscs, etc.Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described. The total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth is estimated at 5.0 x 1037, and weighs 50 billion tonnes. In comparison, the total mass of the biosphere has been estimated to be as much as 4 TtC (trillion tons of carbon).The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in Western Greenland. Since life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in biodiversity. The Phanerozoic eon (the last 540 million years) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion—a period during which the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared. The next 400 million years included repeated, massive biodiversity losses classified as mass extinction events. In the Carboniferous, rainforest collapse led to a great loss of plant and animal life. The Permian–Triassic extinction event, 251 million years ago, was the worst; vertebrate recovery took 30 million years. The most recent, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, occurred 65 million years ago and has often attracted more attention than others because it resulted in the extinction of the dinosaurs.The period since the emergence of humans has displayed an ongoing biodiversity reduction and an accompanying loss of genetic diversity. Named the Holocene extinction, the reduction is caused primarily by human impacts, particularly habitat destruction. Conversely, biodiversity impacts human health in a number of ways, both positively and negatively.The United Nations designated 2011–2020 as the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity.