Supersized MPAs and the marginalization of species conservation
... MPA designation was sluggish, and the median size of those MPAs was tiny – around 4.6 km2 (Wood et al., 2008). By the end of 2006, only 0.65% of the world’s oceans (2.35 million km2) had been designated through 4435 protected areas (Wood et al., 2008). At this rate of designation it was estimated th ...
... MPA designation was sluggish, and the median size of those MPAs was tiny – around 4.6 km2 (Wood et al., 2008). By the end of 2006, only 0.65% of the world’s oceans (2.35 million km2) had been designated through 4435 protected areas (Wood et al., 2008). At this rate of designation it was estimated th ...
Chapter 13
... should be able to bring into play more effective measures to conserve it. Conservation involves the active management of habitats in order to maintain, or even increase, the biodiversity within them. Biodiversity, as we saw in Biology 1 Chapter 12, can be defined as the range of habitats, communitie ...
... should be able to bring into play more effective measures to conserve it. Conservation involves the active management of habitats in order to maintain, or even increase, the biodiversity within them. Biodiversity, as we saw in Biology 1 Chapter 12, can be defined as the range of habitats, communitie ...
Aichi Biodiversity Targets
... introduction pathways. Specifically, meeting this target globally will require that: • Invasive alien species are identified - Broadly invasive alien species are those which have been introduced and/or spread outside their natural ranges and as a result threaten biological diversity. Any organism ca ...
... introduction pathways. Specifically, meeting this target globally will require that: • Invasive alien species are identified - Broadly invasive alien species are those which have been introduced and/or spread outside their natural ranges and as a result threaten biological diversity. Any organism ca ...
Trophic Downgrading of Planet Earth REVIEW
... and ecological processes. The increase in kelp enhances the abundance of kelp forest fish (A) (70). Enhanced kelp production increases the amount of particulate organic carbon in coastal ocean waters, thus increasing the growth rate of filter-feeding mussels (B) (71). The presence or absence of sea ...
... and ecological processes. The increase in kelp enhances the abundance of kelp forest fish (A) (70). Enhanced kelp production increases the amount of particulate organic carbon in coastal ocean waters, thus increasing the growth rate of filter-feeding mussels (B) (71). The presence or absence of sea ...
Short CVs of the speakers
... Royal Society in July 2012. His research focuses on the ecological and evolutionary impacts of human activities on biological systems. He is particularly interested in the recent and potential future impact of climate and land use changes on the distributions of species, on population- and species-l ...
... Royal Society in July 2012. His research focuses on the ecological and evolutionary impacts of human activities on biological systems. He is particularly interested in the recent and potential future impact of climate and land use changes on the distributions of species, on population- and species-l ...
Trophic Downgrading of Planet Earth REVIEW
... and ecological processes. The increase in kelp enhances the abundance of kelp forest fish (A) (70). Enhanced kelp production increases the amount of particulate organic carbon in coastal ocean waters, thus increasing the growth rate of filter-feeding mussels (B) (71). The presence or absence of sea ...
... and ecological processes. The increase in kelp enhances the abundance of kelp forest fish (A) (70). Enhanced kelp production increases the amount of particulate organic carbon in coastal ocean waters, thus increasing the growth rate of filter-feeding mussels (B) (71). The presence or absence of sea ...
2009 Review Sheet - University of Arizona | Ecology and
... 56. What are the five major threats to biodiversity? Do they often act in concert? 57. What is the evidence for global climate change? 58. Which part of the planet will heat up faster? What is expected to happen to Polar Bear populations? 59. How does understanding phenology help us comprehend the p ...
... 56. What are the five major threats to biodiversity? Do they often act in concert? 57. What is the evidence for global climate change? 58. Which part of the planet will heat up faster? What is expected to happen to Polar Bear populations? 59. How does understanding phenology help us comprehend the p ...
GREAT CRESTED NEWT - Cheshire Wildlife Trust
... Great crested newts are the largest newt found in Great Britain reaching lengths of 17cm. They have dark grey-brown backs and flanks that are covered in darker spots making them appear black. The undersides of great crested newts are yellow-orange (often a very bright orange) and have large dark spo ...
... Great crested newts are the largest newt found in Great Britain reaching lengths of 17cm. They have dark grey-brown backs and flanks that are covered in darker spots making them appear black. The undersides of great crested newts are yellow-orange (often a very bright orange) and have large dark spo ...
Wood, Paul M., "Biodiversity as the Source of Biological Resources
... states flatly that it ‘defies definition’. Yet these authors and many others have provided general definitions. One of the best is this: Biological diversity encompasses all species of plants, animals, and microorganisms and the ecosystems and ecological processes of which they are parts. It is an u ...
... states flatly that it ‘defies definition’. Yet these authors and many others have provided general definitions. One of the best is this: Biological diversity encompasses all species of plants, animals, and microorganisms and the ecosystems and ecological processes of which they are parts. It is an u ...
Forest Conservation Biology
... – Conservation biology is to biological conservation what restoration ecology is to ecological restoration – “conserving what is left” vs. “restoring what once was” ...
... – Conservation biology is to biological conservation what restoration ecology is to ecological restoration – “conserving what is left” vs. “restoring what once was” ...
Evaluating Biodiversity in Fragmented Landscapes
... (and particularly core habitat) and increases patch isolation. According to a number of scientific theories, such as island biogeography (MacArthur and Wilson, 1967) and metapopulation2 dynamics (Hanski, 1998), the reduction in area may lead to increased local extinctions, while increased isolation ...
... (and particularly core habitat) and increases patch isolation. According to a number of scientific theories, such as island biogeography (MacArthur and Wilson, 1967) and metapopulation2 dynamics (Hanski, 1998), the reduction in area may lead to increased local extinctions, while increased isolation ...
Full Text in PDF - Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology
... could refer to alleles or genotypes within of life forms within a fish community and to species or life forms across aqua regimes [1]. Biodiversity is essential for stabilization of ecosystem protection and overall environmental quality for understanding intrinsic worth of all species on the earth. ...
... could refer to alleles or genotypes within of life forms within a fish community and to species or life forms across aqua regimes [1]. Biodiversity is essential for stabilization of ecosystem protection and overall environmental quality for understanding intrinsic worth of all species on the earth. ...
comparing species diversity and evenness indices
... when S -+ 1. This is the main reason for its rather small variability in the investigated habitat with its low number of species. The index proposed by Heip (1974) was derived from Sheldon's index keeping this in mind; it will vary between 0 when H -+ 0, and 1 when H = In S. The statistical behaviou ...
... when S -+ 1. This is the main reason for its rather small variability in the investigated habitat with its low number of species. The index proposed by Heip (1974) was derived from Sheldon's index keeping this in mind; it will vary between 0 when H -+ 0, and 1 when H = In S. The statistical behaviou ...
Surveying Vegetation Structure
... achieve desired goals with minimum amount of work Difficult to achieve same accuracy / precision for every resource – priorities must be set according to survey goals Consider all ten (10) planning steps in design Know and carefully define target population, sampling frame, sampling units, decide ho ...
... achieve desired goals with minimum amount of work Difficult to achieve same accuracy / precision for every resource – priorities must be set according to survey goals Consider all ten (10) planning steps in design Know and carefully define target population, sampling frame, sampling units, decide ho ...
Current Extinction Rates Versus Mass Extinction Events Current
... their order with 80% of species within going extinct. This was higher than community 2 which had less species rich environments and lost a functional group 16% of species before community 1. In addition to a healthy diversity, functional richness improves chances of survival be 24% and evenly distri ...
... their order with 80% of species within going extinct. This was higher than community 2 which had less species rich environments and lost a functional group 16% of species before community 1. In addition to a healthy diversity, functional richness improves chances of survival be 24% and evenly distri ...
Conservation biology as a profession[edit]
... The rapid decline of established biological systems around the world means that conservation biology is often referred to as a "Discipline with a deadline".[11] Conservation biology is tied closely to ecology in researching the dispersal, migration, demographics, effective population size, inbreedin ...
... The rapid decline of established biological systems around the world means that conservation biology is often referred to as a "Discipline with a deadline".[11] Conservation biology is tied closely to ecology in researching the dispersal, migration, demographics, effective population size, inbreedin ...
Why biodiversity is important to oceanography: potential roles of
... organisms through their influence on biomass production, elemental cycling, and atmospheric composition. Growing theoretical and empirical evidence suggests that the stability and functioning of this complex system may depend, not only on aggregate biomass and production of pelagic producers and con ...
... organisms through their influence on biomass production, elemental cycling, and atmospheric composition. Growing theoretical and empirical evidence suggests that the stability and functioning of this complex system may depend, not only on aggregate biomass and production of pelagic producers and con ...
Mammals on mountainsides: elevational patterns of diversity
... (Fig. 1). I will consider three general cases, recognizing that there are many possible variations on these themes. One case occurs when species have specialized but partially overlapping requirements so that their ranges overlap somewhat but tend to be restricted to different parts of the gradient. ...
... (Fig. 1). I will consider three general cases, recognizing that there are many possible variations on these themes. One case occurs when species have specialized but partially overlapping requirements so that their ranges overlap somewhat but tend to be restricted to different parts of the gradient. ...
Intrinsic and extrinsic influences on ecological communities
... exert selective pressure on each other, either to increase virulence and contagion on the part of the pathogen, or to increase resistance to, and tolerance of, infection on the part of the host. This creates what has been referred to as a coevolutionary arms race between host and pathogen which, dep ...
... exert selective pressure on each other, either to increase virulence and contagion on the part of the pathogen, or to increase resistance to, and tolerance of, infection on the part of the host. This creates what has been referred to as a coevolutionary arms race between host and pathogen which, dep ...
Short Exam Study Guides for Biogeography
... identify major time & space constraints on the living with examples; 4) discuss major biological influences on the distribution of organisms; 5) discuss trophic levels in the biosphere, 6) discuss global climate as the primary control on the distribution life; 7) highland biogeography & human activi ...
... identify major time & space constraints on the living with examples; 4) discuss major biological influences on the distribution of organisms; 5) discuss trophic levels in the biosphere, 6) discuss global climate as the primary control on the distribution life; 7) highland biogeography & human activi ...
Section_3 - LTER Intranet
... Estonia belongs to the part of Northern Europe that was glaciated during the last Ice Age. Because of this the formation of Estonian biodiversity has had only some 13,500 years to develop. The species balance is still positive and the number of endemics is very low (mostly on a subspecific level). A ...
... Estonia belongs to the part of Northern Europe that was glaciated during the last Ice Age. Because of this the formation of Estonian biodiversity has had only some 13,500 years to develop. The species balance is still positive and the number of endemics is very low (mostly on a subspecific level). A ...
Risks to biodiversity from hydraulic fracturing for natural gas in the
... has been raised about potential HVHHF impacts on breeding populations of area-sensitive forest interior songbirds, such as black-throated blue warbler (Setophaga caerulescens) and a wide-ranging forest raptor, the northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis).1 In a 5-year study of breeding birds at 469 sam ...
... has been raised about potential HVHHF impacts on breeding populations of area-sensitive forest interior songbirds, such as black-throated blue warbler (Setophaga caerulescens) and a wide-ranging forest raptor, the northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis).1 In a 5-year study of breeding birds at 469 sam ...
Genetic analysis of aspen (Populus tremula L. and Populus
... productivity in mixtures of eucalypts and rainforest species and their monoplanting (Erskine et al. 2006) and to monitor the growth rate of mixed tree species plantations and their monoculture plantations (Piotto 2008). However, with this approach, it is difficult to know exactly the diversity effec ...
... productivity in mixtures of eucalypts and rainforest species and their monoplanting (Erskine et al. 2006) and to monitor the growth rate of mixed tree species plantations and their monoculture plantations (Piotto 2008). However, with this approach, it is difficult to know exactly the diversity effec ...
Biodiversity
Global Biodiversity is the variety of different types of life found on Earth and the variations within species. It is a measure of the variety of organisms present in different ecosystems. This can refer to genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation (number of species) within an area, biome, or planet. Terrestrial biodiversity tends to be highest near the equator, which seems to be the result of the warm climate and high primary productivity. Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth. It is the richest in the tropics. Marine biodiversity tends to be highest along coasts in the Western Pacific, where sea surface temperature is highest and in the mid-latitudinal band in all oceans. There are latitudinal gradients in species diversity. Biodiversity generally tends to cluster in hotspots, and has been increasing through time but will be likely to slow in the future.The number and variety of plants, animals and other organisms that exist is known as biodiversity. It is an essential component of nature and it ensures the survival of human species by providing food, fuel, shelter, medicines and other resources to mankind. The richness of biodiversity depends on the climatic conditions and area of the region. All species of plants taken together are known as flora and about 70,000 species of plants are known till date. All species of animals taken together are known as fauna which includes birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, insects, crustaceans, molluscs, etc.Rapid environmental changes typically cause mass extinctions. More than 99 percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species, that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 10 million to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described. The total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth is estimated at 5.0 x 1037, and weighs 50 billion tonnes. In comparison, the total mass of the biosphere has been estimated to be as much as 4 TtC (trillion tons of carbon).The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in Western Greenland. Since life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in biodiversity. The Phanerozoic eon (the last 540 million years) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion—a period during which the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared. The next 400 million years included repeated, massive biodiversity losses classified as mass extinction events. In the Carboniferous, rainforest collapse led to a great loss of plant and animal life. The Permian–Triassic extinction event, 251 million years ago, was the worst; vertebrate recovery took 30 million years. The most recent, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, occurred 65 million years ago and has often attracted more attention than others because it resulted in the extinction of the dinosaurs.The period since the emergence of humans has displayed an ongoing biodiversity reduction and an accompanying loss of genetic diversity. Named the Holocene extinction, the reduction is caused primarily by human impacts, particularly habitat destruction. Conversely, biodiversity impacts human health in a number of ways, both positively and negatively.The United Nations designated 2011–2020 as the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity.