• Study Resource
  • Explore
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
ch23
ch23

Quaternary Neptunium Compounds: Syntheses and
Quaternary Neptunium Compounds: Syntheses and

... The solid-state chemistry of Np is thought to be intermediate between those of U and Pu, but the dearth of wellcharacterized examples of Np compounds remains an impediment to the full understanding of its chemistry. This is especially true for the non-oxide, non-neptunyl compounds where the stabilit ...
Period 4
Period 4

Halogens
Halogens

TFG_QU Gonzálvez Noguera, Miguel Agustín
TFG_QU Gonzálvez Noguera, Miguel Agustín

Chapter 21 Transition Metals
Chapter 21 Transition Metals

CHEM1102 2014-J-2 June 2014 • Compounds of d
CHEM1102 2014-J-2 June 2014 • Compounds of d

2 Oxidation and Oxygen Activation by Heme Proteins
2 Oxidation and Oxygen Activation by Heme Proteins

Chapter 4 Chemical Quantities and Aqueous Reactions
Chapter 4 Chemical Quantities and Aqueous Reactions

... - a number assigned to each element in a reaction that allows them to determine the electron flow in the reaction Even though they look like them, oxidation states are not ion charges! Oxidation states are imaginary charges assigned based on a set of rules. Ion charges are real, measurable charge ...
Practice Exercise
Practice Exercise

Transition metal catalyzed oxidation of Alcell lignin, soda lignin, and
Transition metal catalyzed oxidation of Alcell lignin, soda lignin, and

... First published as an Advance Article on the web 24th May 2010 DOI: 10.1039/c001389g Lignin is a component of lignocellulosic biomass from which important aromatic compounds can potentially be obtained. In the present work, Alcell and soda lignin were dissolved in the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylim ...
Chemistry 120
Chemistry 120

P-BLOCK ELEMENTS
P-BLOCK ELEMENTS

... It is an allotrope of carbon, made by heating graphite in an electric arc in the presence of inert gas. It mainly contains molecules like C-60, C-70 and some other molecules containing upto 350 carbon atoms. Each carbon form 3 sigma bonds. The most common is C-60. This ball shaped molecule has 60 ve ...
a review of the periodic table
a review of the periodic table

... Be2+ only known in the hydrated form, e.g. [Be(H2O)4][SO4], and high charge density causes ready formation of species such as [Be(OH)3]33+ by hydrolysis. BeO dissolves in alkali to form [Be(OH)4]2- - beryllate ion, cf. Al, but not other Group 2. Dominant coordination number is 4, although 2 and 3 kn ...
Class 9 science cbse solutions chapter 4
Class 9 science cbse solutions chapter 4

Topic 13.1 First Row d
Topic 13.1 First Row d

1 - KFUPM Faculty List
1 - KFUPM Faculty List

Answer
Answer

... → Only certain orbits known as discrete orbits of electrons are allowed inside the atom. → While revolving in these discrete orbits electrons do not radiate energy. These orbits or cells are represented by the letters K, L, M, N etc. or the numbers, n = 1, 2, 3, 4, . . as shown in below figure. ...
Unit 10 The d-Block Elements
Unit 10 The d-Block Elements

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions - An Introduction to Chemistry
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions - An Introduction to Chemistry

Bonding Mrs. Pugliese TEACHER ANSWER KEY March 02
Bonding Mrs. Pugliese TEACHER ANSWER KEY March 02

Coordination Chemistry I: Structures and Isomers
Coordination Chemistry I: Structures and Isomers

ď - Google Sites
ď - Google Sites

Transition Metals
Transition Metals

Nomenclature of metal complexes
Nomenclature of metal complexes

... Disclaimer on nomenclature rules: There are at least two systems (IUPAC and everyone else) and though there is general agreement on the “big” issues, sometimes the details are slightly different. I am presenting the most common system seen by ACS journals. 1. Writing formulas: write cation, then ani ...
< 1 ... 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 ... 59 >

Oxidation state

The oxidation state, often called the oxidation number, is an indicator of the degree of oxidation (loss of electrons) of an atom in a chemical compound. Conceptually, the oxidation state, which may be positive, negative or zero, is the hypothetical charge that an atom would have if all bonds to atoms of different elements were 100% ionic, with no covalent component. This is never exactly true for real bonds.The term ""oxidation"" was first used by Lavoisier to mean reaction of a substance with oxygen. Much later, it was realized that the substance on being oxidized loses electrons, and the use of the term ""oxidation"" was extended to include other reactions in which electrons are lost.Oxidation states are typically represented by small integers. In some cases, the average oxidation state of an element is a fraction, such as 8/3 for iron in magnetite (Fe3O4). The highest known oxidation state is reported to be +9 in the cation IrO+4, while the lowest known oxidation state is −5 for boron, gallium, indium, and thallium. The possibility of +9 and +10 oxidation states in platinum group elements, especially iridium(IX) and platinum(X), has been discussed by Kiselev and Tretiyakov.The increase in oxidation state of an atom through a chemical reaction is known as an oxidation; a decrease in oxidation state is known as a reduction. Such reactions involve the formal transfer of electrons, a net gain in electrons being a reduction and a net loss of electrons being an oxidation. For pure elements, the oxidation state is zero.There are various methods for determining oxidation states/numbers.In inorganic nomenclature the oxidation state is determined and expressed as an oxidation number represented by a Roman numeral placed after the element name.In coordination chemistry, oxidation number is defined differently from oxidation state.
  • studyres.com © 2025
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report