• Study Resource
  • Explore
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
4.1 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
4.1 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations

... reactions of this type involve the exchange of ions between ionic compounds in aqueous solution and are sometimes referred to as double displacement, double replacement, or metathesis reactions. These reactions are common in nature and are responsible for the formation of coral reefs in ocean waters ...
The p-Block Elements The p-Block Elements
The p-Block Elements The p-Block Elements

practice test 4 CHM 112
practice test 4 CHM 112

Describe properties of particles and thermochemical - Mr
Describe properties of particles and thermochemical - Mr

... The explanations for the trends are essentially the same as the explanations for atomic size. e.g. although both the nuclear charge and the number of filled energy levels increases down a group, the shielding from the inner shells of electrons more than compensates for the increased nuclear charge, ...
Document
Document

... chlorides rapidly; then, on dissolution and after titration with AgNO3, releases one of its chlorides slowly. Deduce the structures of the two octahedral complexes and draw and name them. 13 The hydrated chromium chloride that is available commercially has the overall composition CrCl3 6H2O. On boil ...
Topic 4 - Lloyd Crosby
Topic 4 - Lloyd Crosby

Answers to Assignment #5
Answers to Assignment #5

... π-acceptors, is π-acceptor character required for strong-field behaviour? What orbital factors account for the strength of each ligand? Hydrogen can only form σ-bonds, so it cannot participate in π-backbonding. Therefore its high placing in the spectrochemical series cannot be due to π-acceptor char ...
The Transition Elements and Their Coordination Compounds
The Transition Elements and Their Coordination Compounds

Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Water Oxidation
Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Water Oxidation

Novel Insights from Reactive Intermediates
Novel Insights from Reactive Intermediates

FE Exam Review for Chemistry
FE Exam Review for Chemistry

... What’s the difference between an atom and an isotope?  Atoms have a defined standard number of neutrons.  Number of neutrons = atomic mass – atomic number  Isotopes have a non‐standard number of neutrons (heavy or light)  How do you calculate average atomic mass?  Average atomic mass is a weighted ave ...
Chapter 4 Student Notes
Chapter 4 Student Notes

6. d and f-Block Elements and Coordination Chemistry
6. d and f-Block Elements and Coordination Chemistry

Copper di-imine complexes: Structures and catalytic activity
Copper di-imine complexes: Structures and catalytic activity

Wet thermal oxidation of GaAs and GaN 6
Wet thermal oxidation of GaAs and GaN 6

... crystals of Ga2O3 are available (Tomm et al., 2000; V´llora et al., 2004) as well. Thermal oxidation of AIIIBV and AIIIN compounds – dry (Wilmsen, 1985; Lin et al., 2000) or wet (Readinger et al., 1999) – is unfortunately not similar to silicon oxidation. It is caused by other structure – these com ...
d-Block Elements
d-Block Elements

Electron transport via metalloporphyrins C.
Electron transport via metalloporphyrins C.

CH 4 Notes
CH 4 Notes

3 -or - IONiC / VIPEr
3 -or - IONiC / VIPEr

... The second metal complex is much less likely to lose one of the ligands due to the bridging group that holds the ligands in proximity to the metal center. From a kinetic viewpoint, if one of the ligands dissociates, it will remain close enough to the metal center to have a high probability of re-coo ...
The Study of Multiple Electron Transfer Reactions by Cyclic
The Study of Multiple Electron Transfer Reactions by Cyclic

... Two-electron two-proton processes are complicated by the existence of three protonation states for each of the two oxidation states. Hence, there are nine species to be considered, with six one-electron transfer processes, and six proton transfer reactions (F12). The relative importance of each reac ...
A Level Chemistry transition task
A Level Chemistry transition task

... Elements that you expect to have a specific oxidation state actually have different states, so for example you would expect chlorine to be -1, it can have many oxidation states: NaClO, in this compound it has an oxidation state of +1 There are a few simple rules to remember: Metals have a + oxidatio ...
Experimental and Theoretical Charge Density Analysis of a
Experimental and Theoretical Charge Density Analysis of a

... electron distribution, a precise charge density analysis (either experimental or theoretical) is a method of choice to recover molecular properties. In particular, it is of interest to know how the two CH2 carbon units present in compound BEST between the bromine and the sulfur atom are different fro ...
d-Block metal chemistry: general considerations
d-Block metal chemistry: general considerations

24 COORDINATION COMPOUNDS Y MODULE - 6
24 COORDINATION COMPOUNDS Y MODULE - 6

Transition Metal Complexes
Transition Metal Complexes

< 1 ... 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 ... 59 >

Oxidation state

The oxidation state, often called the oxidation number, is an indicator of the degree of oxidation (loss of electrons) of an atom in a chemical compound. Conceptually, the oxidation state, which may be positive, negative or zero, is the hypothetical charge that an atom would have if all bonds to atoms of different elements were 100% ionic, with no covalent component. This is never exactly true for real bonds.The term ""oxidation"" was first used by Lavoisier to mean reaction of a substance with oxygen. Much later, it was realized that the substance on being oxidized loses electrons, and the use of the term ""oxidation"" was extended to include other reactions in which electrons are lost.Oxidation states are typically represented by small integers. In some cases, the average oxidation state of an element is a fraction, such as 8/3 for iron in magnetite (Fe3O4). The highest known oxidation state is reported to be +9 in the cation IrO+4, while the lowest known oxidation state is −5 for boron, gallium, indium, and thallium. The possibility of +9 and +10 oxidation states in platinum group elements, especially iridium(IX) and platinum(X), has been discussed by Kiselev and Tretiyakov.The increase in oxidation state of an atom through a chemical reaction is known as an oxidation; a decrease in oxidation state is known as a reduction. Such reactions involve the formal transfer of electrons, a net gain in electrons being a reduction and a net loss of electrons being an oxidation. For pure elements, the oxidation state is zero.There are various methods for determining oxidation states/numbers.In inorganic nomenclature the oxidation state is determined and expressed as an oxidation number represented by a Roman numeral placed after the element name.In coordination chemistry, oxidation number is defined differently from oxidation state.
  • studyres.com © 2025
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report