An Introduction to Simple Climate Models
... system and simple climate models (SCMs), and has two objectives: (a) to explain how SCMs work, the processes that are included in them, what their strengths and weaknesses are in relation to more complex models, the purposes to which they are applied, and why they have been used extensively in the W ...
... system and simple climate models (SCMs), and has two objectives: (a) to explain how SCMs work, the processes that are included in them, what their strengths and weaknesses are in relation to more complex models, the purposes to which they are applied, and why they have been used extensively in the W ...
From: Pielke Sr., RA, G. Marland, RA Betts, TN Chase, JL Eastman
... methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and other important agents and mechanisms, together with the typical geographical extent (spatial scale) of the forcing and the assessed level of scientific understanding (LOSU). The net anthropogenic radiative forcing and its range are also shown. These require su ...
... methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and other important agents and mechanisms, together with the typical geographical extent (spatial scale) of the forcing and the assessed level of scientific understanding (LOSU). The net anthropogenic radiative forcing and its range are also shown. These require su ...
Research Article Environmetrics
... In this paper, we present a model framework for estimating the climate sensitivity on the basis of temperature observations. We adopt a very simplistic view of the earth and assume that the “true” global state of the earth in a year consists of three states, namely, (i) the (average) temperature of ...
... In this paper, we present a model framework for estimating the climate sensitivity on the basis of temperature observations. We adopt a very simplistic view of the earth and assume that the “true” global state of the earth in a year consists of three states, namely, (i) the (average) temperature of ...
states and cities as actors in global climate regulation: unitary vs
... reentry into serious international climate negotiations, which is prerequisite for developing an effective post-Kyoto system of global climate regulation.18 These initiatives have provided a catalyst for domestic public attention and support and enhanced the likelihood that Congress will at last act ...
... reentry into serious international climate negotiations, which is prerequisite for developing an effective post-Kyoto system of global climate regulation.18 These initiatives have provided a catalyst for domestic public attention and support and enhanced the likelihood that Congress will at last act ...
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... and government. Many biologists predict an increase in the frequency of such exotic pest invasions as global temperatures rise. Economists are working to determine the potential effects of climate change and, more particularly, how adaptive behavior or government policies may help mitigate the negat ...
... and government. Many biologists predict an increase in the frequency of such exotic pest invasions as global temperatures rise. Economists are working to determine the potential effects of climate change and, more particularly, how adaptive behavior or government policies may help mitigate the negat ...
- Eionet Forum
... Van Dingenen et al., Trends of ozone exceedances in Europe from 1990 to 2004: what is the role of climate change? [manuscript in preparation] Van Dingenen, R., Raes, F., Dentener, F., and Putaud, J.P., 2008: The relation between temperature anomaly and ozone exceedance as an indication for the role ...
... Van Dingenen et al., Trends of ozone exceedances in Europe from 1990 to 2004: what is the role of climate change? [manuscript in preparation] Van Dingenen, R., Raes, F., Dentener, F., and Putaud, J.P., 2008: The relation between temperature anomaly and ozone exceedance as an indication for the role ...
climate-change scepticism and asserted rights to private property
... information or underestimate probabilities when the social networks or cultures in which they engage do not support or have their own ways to process such information (Renn 2011). Climate scepticism is found to be associated with a specific set of fundamental values and political ideologies (Poortin ...
... information or underestimate probabilities when the social networks or cultures in which they engage do not support or have their own ways to process such information (Renn 2011). Climate scepticism is found to be associated with a specific set of fundamental values and political ideologies (Poortin ...
effects of changing climate on weather and human activities
... winter was very cold and snowy, with manymore-than-normal winter storms in the northeastern part of the United States. How does this jibe with expectations of global warming? The pattern of exceptionally wintry weather continued for several months, long enough to heighten interest in its apparent cl ...
... winter was very cold and snowy, with manymore-than-normal winter storms in the northeastern part of the United States. How does this jibe with expectations of global warming? The pattern of exceptionally wintry weather continued for several months, long enough to heighten interest in its apparent cl ...
Responses of terrestrial ecosystems to temperature and
... correlations have the potential drawback of confounding changes in other variables that covary with precipitation over space and time, such as temperature (e.g., Loik et al., 2004; Breshears et al., 2005; Ciais et al., 2005). Experimental manipulations of precipitation can complement, and extend bey ...
... correlations have the potential drawback of confounding changes in other variables that covary with precipitation over space and time, such as temperature (e.g., Loik et al., 2004; Breshears et al., 2005; Ciais et al., 2005). Experimental manipulations of precipitation can complement, and extend bey ...
AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY
... accepted for publication. Since it is being posted so soon after acceptance, it has not yet been copyedited, formatted, or processed by AMS Publications. This preliminary version of the manuscript may be downloaded, distributed, and cited, but please be aware that there will be visual differences an ...
... accepted for publication. Since it is being posted so soon after acceptance, it has not yet been copyedited, formatted, or processed by AMS Publications. This preliminary version of the manuscript may be downloaded, distributed, and cited, but please be aware that there will be visual differences an ...
Global Increasing Trends in Annual Maximum Daily Precipitation
... and Indices (ETCCDI) (Zhang et al. 2011). While there are other datasets that contain more in situ daily precipitation observations, for example, Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN)-Daily (Durre et al. 2010; Menne et al. 2012), these data are not quality controlled [although quality assuran ...
... and Indices (ETCCDI) (Zhang et al. 2011). While there are other datasets that contain more in situ daily precipitation observations, for example, Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN)-Daily (Durre et al. 2010; Menne et al. 2012), these data are not quality controlled [although quality assuran ...
Background Report on ICTs and Climate Change
... The Kyoto and London events led to the establishment of an ITU-T Focus Group on ICTs & Climate Change by TSAG in July 2008. The Focus Group analyzed and identified gaps in the areas of definitions and developed agreed methodologies and appropriate tools to measure the impact of ICTs on climate chang ...
... The Kyoto and London events led to the establishment of an ITU-T Focus Group on ICTs & Climate Change by TSAG in July 2008. The Focus Group analyzed and identified gaps in the areas of definitions and developed agreed methodologies and appropriate tools to measure the impact of ICTs on climate chang ...
The Carbon Dioxide Greenhouse Effect
... years ago, colossal layers of ice had covered all of northern Europe. How could climate possibly change so radically? One possible answer was a change in the composition of the Earth’s atmosphere. Beginning with work by Joseph Fourier in the 1820s, scientists had understood that gases in the atmosph ...
... years ago, colossal layers of ice had covered all of northern Europe. How could climate possibly change so radically? One possible answer was a change in the composition of the Earth’s atmosphere. Beginning with work by Joseph Fourier in the 1820s, scientists had understood that gases in the atmosph ...
Size and variability of crop productivity both impacted by CO 2
... enrichment (500ppmv, CE), warming of canopy air (2 oC above the ambient, WA), and the combined CO2 enrichment and warming (CW) were used to investigate the responses of total biomass, crop yield and harvest index. In general, CE significantly increased total biomass and grain yield of wheat and rice ...
... enrichment (500ppmv, CE), warming of canopy air (2 oC above the ambient, WA), and the combined CO2 enrichment and warming (CW) were used to investigate the responses of total biomass, crop yield and harvest index. In general, CE significantly increased total biomass and grain yield of wheat and rice ...
DETR - Climate Change
... for action and providing practical advice on what people can do to make a difference. 14 We can all play our part in the fight against climate change, whether at home, at work or in making transport decisions. The snowball effect from lots of individuals doing something – however small a contributio ...
... for action and providing practical advice on what people can do to make a difference. 14 We can all play our part in the fight against climate change, whether at home, at work or in making transport decisions. The snowball effect from lots of individuals doing something – however small a contributio ...
Climate Choices for a Sustainable Southwest
... other protected areas cover more than 165 million acres of the Southwest, conserving natural resources, and providing income to users such as ranchers, loggers, miners, and tourist operators and recreation to millions of residents and tourists (Clawson 1983; Wilkinson 1992) (see also Chapter 3, Sect ...
... other protected areas cover more than 165 million acres of the Southwest, conserving natural resources, and providing income to users such as ranchers, loggers, miners, and tourist operators and recreation to millions of residents and tourists (Clawson 1983; Wilkinson 1992) (see also Chapter 3, Sect ...
Disaster risk reduction or climate change adaptation: Are we
... terms see Kennedy et al., 2008). Additionally, disaster risk reduction (DRR) policies and strategies are well established within the international development community (Lewis, 1999; Wisner et al., 2004). These are utilised at the grassroots level to address all forms of hazards. This suggests that ...
... terms see Kennedy et al., 2008). Additionally, disaster risk reduction (DRR) policies and strategies are well established within the international development community (Lewis, 1999; Wisner et al., 2004). These are utilised at the grassroots level to address all forms of hazards. This suggests that ...
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... importance to the study were the groups of variables with highest percentages. The results indicated that 57% of a total of 250 livestock farmers were more aware of climate change and 43% were not aware during the study period. With reference to household size group (6-10), the percentages were, awa ...
... importance to the study were the groups of variables with highest percentages. The results indicated that 57% of a total of 250 livestock farmers were more aware of climate change and 43% were not aware during the study period. With reference to household size group (6-10), the percentages were, awa ...
Impact of Climate Change on Wetland Functions
... Wetlands are ecologically very important as habitats for diverse lives. However, even though there are efforts to assess the influence of climate change in order to establish a wetland management plan, accurate assessment is experiencing difficulties. Climate change will also change the environment ...
... Wetlands are ecologically very important as habitats for diverse lives. However, even though there are efforts to assess the influence of climate change in order to establish a wetland management plan, accurate assessment is experiencing difficulties. Climate change will also change the environment ...
Solution Aversion: On the Relation Between Ideology and Motivated
... There is often a curious distinction between what the scientific community and the general population believe to be true of dire scientific issues, and this skepticism tends to vary markedly across groups. For instance, in the case of climate change, Republicans (conservatives) are especially skepti ...
... There is often a curious distinction between what the scientific community and the general population believe to be true of dire scientific issues, and this skepticism tends to vary markedly across groups. For instance, in the case of climate change, Republicans (conservatives) are especially skepti ...
First Year Booklet 2016-17
... At its most basic, economics can be seen as the study of the relationship between people and objects as occurring through production, circulation, and consumption. Most of the theories which comprise the modern field of economics were developed to describe Western capitalist systems. E ...
... At its most basic, economics can be seen as the study of the relationship between people and objects as occurring through production, circulation, and consumption. Most of the theories which comprise the modern field of economics were developed to describe Western capitalist systems. E ...
Global warming controversy
The global warming controversy concerns the public debate over whether global warming is occurring, how much has occurred in modern times, what has caused it, what its effects will be, whether any action should be taken to curb it, and if so what that action should be. In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused primarily by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. No scientific body of national or international standing disagrees with this view, though a few organizations with members in extractive industries hold non-committal positions. Disputes over the key scientific facts of global warming are now more prevalent in the popular media than in the scientific literature, where such issues are treated as resolved, and more in the United States than globally.Political and popular debate concerning the existence and cause of climate change includes the reasons for the increase seen in the instrumental temperature record, whether the warming trend exceeds normal climatic variations, and whether human activities have contributed significantly to it. Scientists have resolved many of these questions decisively in favour of the view that the current warming trend exists and is ongoing, that human activity is the primary cause, and that it is without precedent in at least 2000 years. Disputes that also reflect scientific debate include estimates of how responsive the climate system might be to any given level of greenhouse gases (climate sensitivity), and what the consequences of global warming will be.Global warming remains an issue of widespread political debate, often split along party political lines, especially in the United States. Many of the largely settled scientific issues, such as the human responsibility for global warming, remain the subject of politically or economically motivated attempts to downplay, dismiss or deny them – an ideological phenomenon categorised by academics and scientists as climate change denial. The sources of funding for those involved with climate science – both supporting and opposing mainstream scientific positions – have been questioned by both sides. There are debates about the best policy responses to the science, their cost-effectiveness and their urgency. Climate scientists, especially in the United States, have reported official and oil-industry pressure to censor or suppress their work and hide scientific data, with directives not to discuss the subject in public communications. Legal cases regarding global warming, its effects, and measures to reduce it have reached American courts. The fossil fuels lobby and free market think tanks have often been identified as overtly or covertly supporting efforts to undermine or discredit the scientific consensus on global warming.