Introduction
... mathematics of discounting to near zero. Thus, it is standard in analyses of the issue to show that with a long enough time period and a high enough discount rate, it is not worth spending trivial amounts today to save millions or billions of individuals living in the future. The alternative, a zero ...
... mathematics of discounting to near zero. Thus, it is standard in analyses of the issue to show that with a long enough time period and a high enough discount rate, it is not worth spending trivial amounts today to save millions or billions of individuals living in the future. The alternative, a zero ...
Fluorocarbons And The greenhouse Effect
... • those containing chlorine (CFCs and HCFCs) or bromine, which are regulated by the Montreal Protocol; production of CFCs (R11, R12, R502, etc.) has been prohibited in developed countries since 1995; production of HCFCs (R22, etc.) will be by the year 2030; the UNFCCC does not deal with CFCs or HCFC ...
... • those containing chlorine (CFCs and HCFCs) or bromine, which are regulated by the Montreal Protocol; production of CFCs (R11, R12, R502, etc.) has been prohibited in developed countries since 1995; production of HCFCs (R22, etc.) will be by the year 2030; the UNFCCC does not deal with CFCs or HCFC ...
File
... Convection currents will be covered during lecture. Please read it anyway so that you have a little background. ...
... Convection currents will be covered during lecture. Please read it anyway so that you have a little background. ...
Agriculture as % of GDP 1993
... climate-proof development projects will require at least $1 billion per year Primary public financial instruments available, which are technically adequate –but funds flowing through them need to be substantially increased ODA – currently only a few percent directly for adaptation GEF special ...
... climate-proof development projects will require at least $1 billion per year Primary public financial instruments available, which are technically adequate –but funds flowing through them need to be substantially increased ODA – currently only a few percent directly for adaptation GEF special ...
Done_deliverable1France Telecom ClimateChange
... in terms of the mean and variability of relevant quantities over a period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years. The classical period is 30 years, as defined by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). These relevant quantities are most often surface variables such as tem ...
... in terms of the mean and variability of relevant quantities over a period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years. The classical period is 30 years, as defined by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). These relevant quantities are most often surface variables such as tem ...
Oceanography and Climate Change: Past, present and future
... rapid and intense as the modern situation. A more gradual release of carbon would have been more efficiently buffered by deep sea carbonate dissolution, resulting in a reduced effect on surface ocean pH. A noteworthy implication of this is that any effect on marine biocalcification during past OA ev ...
... rapid and intense as the modern situation. A more gradual release of carbon would have been more efficiently buffered by deep sea carbonate dissolution, resulting in a reduced effect on surface ocean pH. A noteworthy implication of this is that any effect on marine biocalcification during past OA ev ...
Morley
... Finally, a study by Petoukhov and Semenov shows a strong anticyclone formation over the Arctic Ocean that provides for a cooling effect. ...
... Finally, a study by Petoukhov and Semenov shows a strong anticyclone formation over the Arctic Ocean that provides for a cooling effect. ...
The Data Behind Climate Change-
... about climate science (i.e., An Inconvenient Truth). In our class, this lesson will be preceded by a lesson explaining different climate proxies, and how scientists can get information about temperatures and atmospheric conditions thousands of years ago. Teaching Tips: Some of the graphs may be diff ...
... about climate science (i.e., An Inconvenient Truth). In our class, this lesson will be preceded by a lesson explaining different climate proxies, and how scientists can get information about temperatures and atmospheric conditions thousands of years ago. Teaching Tips: Some of the graphs may be diff ...
Drivhuseffekt og global opvarmning
... Emergence of climate change based on statistical significance of differences between periods Calculate yearly (seasonal) anomalies based on all 30-year periods (1961-1990, 1962-1991, …, 2071-2100) w.r.t. 19611990 Express deviations as a probability given the standard deviations of two samples (one f ...
... Emergence of climate change based on statistical significance of differences between periods Calculate yearly (seasonal) anomalies based on all 30-year periods (1961-1990, 1962-1991, …, 2071-2100) w.r.t. 19611990 Express deviations as a probability given the standard deviations of two samples (one f ...
Albedo Enhancement by Stratospheric Sulfur Injections: A
... The albedo modification scheme presented here has been discussed before, however, without linking opposite climate warming and improved air quality considerations. Instead of sulfur, it has also been proposed to launch reflecting small balloons or mirrors, or to add highly reflective nano-particles ...
... The albedo modification scheme presented here has been discussed before, however, without linking opposite climate warming and improved air quality considerations. Instead of sulfur, it has also been proposed to launch reflecting small balloons or mirrors, or to add highly reflective nano-particles ...
National Academies of Science - Chester County Citizens for
... • Overwhelming scientific consensus • All US scientific agencies & IPCC agree ...
... • Overwhelming scientific consensus • All US scientific agencies & IPCC agree ...
3. The Politics of Climate Change
... • Climate Change Levy – A small levy on energy use for businesses; recycled as a tax relief – Likely to be changed to become a tax on emissions ...
... • Climate Change Levy – A small levy on energy use for businesses; recycled as a tax relief – Likely to be changed to become a tax on emissions ...
Forum: - Lemun
... yet, little action has been taken. Although many small-scale projects had taken place prior it, the first major step towards further exploring geo engineering was the Kyoto Protocol, singed in 1997. In the recent years, both developed and developing countries have experimented with small-scale proje ...
... yet, little action has been taken. Although many small-scale projects had taken place prior it, the first major step towards further exploring geo engineering was the Kyoto Protocol, singed in 1997. In the recent years, both developed and developing countries have experimented with small-scale proje ...
AOSS_NRE_480_L23_Form_Argument_20120405
... – Scientifically, it should not be a matter of belief, but validation. Each system has strengths and weaknesses. Differences should be reconciled, not held as proof of one over the other. • Surface: Issues of how sited, representative, urban heat island – If ignored (wrong), then data flawed – If ta ...
... – Scientifically, it should not be a matter of belief, but validation. Each system has strengths and weaknesses. Differences should be reconciled, not held as proof of one over the other. • Surface: Issues of how sited, representative, urban heat island – If ignored (wrong), then data flawed – If ta ...
How is climate change affecting life on Earth?
... What is the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change? The IPCC, as it is known for short, is an international group that includes hundreds of climate scientists and government representatives. Every few years, IPCC scientists review our current state of understanding about climate: what we kno ...
... What is the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change? The IPCC, as it is known for short, is an international group that includes hundreds of climate scientists and government representatives. Every few years, IPCC scientists review our current state of understanding about climate: what we kno ...
Slides of lection #4 (PowerPoint Presentation)
... Building integrated climate capacities depends on a series of necessary conditions or ‘steps’. In particular, on whether relevant agents: 1. Are aware of the problem. 2. Are sufficiently motivated to act. 3. Have sufficiently options and resources to do so. 4. Create institutions to distribute right ...
... Building integrated climate capacities depends on a series of necessary conditions or ‘steps’. In particular, on whether relevant agents: 1. Are aware of the problem. 2. Are sufficiently motivated to act. 3. Have sufficiently options and resources to do so. 4. Create institutions to distribute right ...
What is Greenhouse Effect ? Types of Greenhouse gases Global
... (GWPs) was introduced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in its 1990 report. GWP reflects the relative strength of individual greenhouse gas with respect to its impact on global warming. It was defined as the cumulative radiative forcing* between the present and some future ti ...
... (GWPs) was introduced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in its 1990 report. GWP reflects the relative strength of individual greenhouse gas with respect to its impact on global warming. It was defined as the cumulative radiative forcing* between the present and some future ti ...
Pseudoscientific elements in climate change research
... follows a late 20th century period of warming is consistent with the continuation today of natural multi-decadal or millennial climate cycling. In stark contrast to the often repeated assertion that the science of climate change is ‘settled’, significant new peer-reviewed research has cast even mor ...
... follows a late 20th century period of warming is consistent with the continuation today of natural multi-decadal or millennial climate cycling. In stark contrast to the often repeated assertion that the science of climate change is ‘settled’, significant new peer-reviewed research has cast even mor ...
Extreme Weather and Climate Change
... been smashed. These events fit a pattern that climate scientists have long expected to appear as the result of increased greenhouse gases in our atmosphere. That doesn’t mean global warming is the only culprit: extreme weather was happening before global warming began. But there’s general scientific ...
... been smashed. These events fit a pattern that climate scientists have long expected to appear as the result of increased greenhouse gases in our atmosphere. That doesn’t mean global warming is the only culprit: extreme weather was happening before global warming began. But there’s general scientific ...
Presented by Professor Dave Griggs Director, Monash
... measurable decline in public trust in the science of climate change • Climate science needs to think of policymakers, the media and the public as key stakeholders requiring climate services tailored to their needs • Research is required in how best to deliver the science message in the most understa ...
... measurable decline in public trust in the science of climate change • Climate science needs to think of policymakers, the media and the public as key stakeholders requiring climate services tailored to their needs • Research is required in how best to deliver the science message in the most understa ...
Climate-related - Caritas Australia
... What is climate change? Climate change refers to the changing average weather patterns over a period of time. These changes are caused by both natural and human factors. Most scientists now agree that current climate change is linked to the increase in greenhouse gases in the earth’s atmosphere. Ba ...
... What is climate change? Climate change refers to the changing average weather patterns over a period of time. These changes are caused by both natural and human factors. Most scientists now agree that current climate change is linked to the increase in greenhouse gases in the earth’s atmosphere. Ba ...
Chapter 15 Notes:
... • Increases in CO2 concentration may lead to global warming, an increase in temperatures around the Earth • Because vegetation uses CO2 to make food, deforestation also affects one of the natural ways of removing CO2 from the atmosphere. • Another significant gas emitted from garbage dumps and agric ...
... • Increases in CO2 concentration may lead to global warming, an increase in temperatures around the Earth • Because vegetation uses CO2 to make food, deforestation also affects one of the natural ways of removing CO2 from the atmosphere. • Another significant gas emitted from garbage dumps and agric ...
Modern Global Climate Change
... been since 1965 (4) (Fig. 1). The greenhouse Human activities also have a large-scale rest (120 PW) is absorbed by the atmosphere, gases trap outgoing radiation from the Earth impact on the land surface. Changes in landland, or ocean and ultimately emitted back to to space, creating a warming of the ...
... been since 1965 (4) (Fig. 1). The greenhouse Human activities also have a large-scale rest (120 PW) is absorbed by the atmosphere, gases trap outgoing radiation from the Earth impact on the land surface. Changes in landland, or ocean and ultimately emitted back to to space, creating a warming of the ...
Chapter 10 – Assessing and Responding to Climate Change
... Expected Changes Due to Climate • In order to evaluate the risks of human-caused climate change, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed • To achieve this, several thousand scientists voluntarily share and synthesize their work to come up with current projected models for cl ...
... Expected Changes Due to Climate • In order to evaluate the risks of human-caused climate change, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed • To achieve this, several thousand scientists voluntarily share and synthesize their work to come up with current projected models for cl ...
Global warming controversy
The global warming controversy concerns the public debate over whether global warming is occurring, how much has occurred in modern times, what has caused it, what its effects will be, whether any action should be taken to curb it, and if so what that action should be. In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused primarily by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. No scientific body of national or international standing disagrees with this view, though a few organizations with members in extractive industries hold non-committal positions. Disputes over the key scientific facts of global warming are now more prevalent in the popular media than in the scientific literature, where such issues are treated as resolved, and more in the United States than globally.Political and popular debate concerning the existence and cause of climate change includes the reasons for the increase seen in the instrumental temperature record, whether the warming trend exceeds normal climatic variations, and whether human activities have contributed significantly to it. Scientists have resolved many of these questions decisively in favour of the view that the current warming trend exists and is ongoing, that human activity is the primary cause, and that it is without precedent in at least 2000 years. Disputes that also reflect scientific debate include estimates of how responsive the climate system might be to any given level of greenhouse gases (climate sensitivity), and what the consequences of global warming will be.Global warming remains an issue of widespread political debate, often split along party political lines, especially in the United States. Many of the largely settled scientific issues, such as the human responsibility for global warming, remain the subject of politically or economically motivated attempts to downplay, dismiss or deny them – an ideological phenomenon categorised by academics and scientists as climate change denial. The sources of funding for those involved with climate science – both supporting and opposing mainstream scientific positions – have been questioned by both sides. There are debates about the best policy responses to the science, their cost-effectiveness and their urgency. Climate scientists, especially in the United States, have reported official and oil-industry pressure to censor or suppress their work and hide scientific data, with directives not to discuss the subject in public communications. Legal cases regarding global warming, its effects, and measures to reduce it have reached American courts. The fossil fuels lobby and free market think tanks have often been identified as overtly or covertly supporting efforts to undermine or discredit the scientific consensus on global warming.