Technical note: Use of a double inversion recovery pulse sequence
... MRI has value in assessing cortical atrophy by measuring CSF volumes [13, 14]. An increase in CSF volume is taken to imply a decrease in brain tissue volume. By further segmenting brain tissue into grey and white matter components, DIR methods have the potential to provide further information, and t ...
... MRI has value in assessing cortical atrophy by measuring CSF volumes [13, 14]. An increase in CSF volume is taken to imply a decrease in brain tissue volume. By further segmenting brain tissue into grey and white matter components, DIR methods have the potential to provide further information, and t ...
Structural Abnormalities of the Central Auditory Pathway in Infants
... Nopoulos and colleagues (2000, 2001) conducted a series of studies to investigate cortical anatomical structures in persons with craniofacial clefts, including individuals with nonsyndromic clefts or NSCL/P, using brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning and image processing. They reported th ...
... Nopoulos and colleagues (2000, 2001) conducted a series of studies to investigate cortical anatomical structures in persons with craniofacial clefts, including individuals with nonsyndromic clefts or NSCL/P, using brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning and image processing. They reported th ...
Central neural control of the cardiovascular system
... To maintain cardiovascular homeostasis, several key physiological variables must be regulated: arterial blood pressure, the O2 content of the blood, blood volume, and body temperature. The following sections will briefly describe the reflex mechanisms that regulate these variables. Blood pressure. T ...
... To maintain cardiovascular homeostasis, several key physiological variables must be regulated: arterial blood pressure, the O2 content of the blood, blood volume, and body temperature. The following sections will briefly describe the reflex mechanisms that regulate these variables. Blood pressure. T ...
CHAPTER 1 Anatomy and physiology of the human respiratory system
... be P = 3.0V̇ + 3.0·[V̇ ]2 . Results are close to those originally described by Rohrer, particularly when resistances imposed by viscoelastic properties of the lung and thoracic tissues are removed, since these are not a part of Rohrer’s estimates [10]. 2.3 Alveolar ventilation is not uniform even i ...
... be P = 3.0V̇ + 3.0·[V̇ ]2 . Results are close to those originally described by Rohrer, particularly when resistances imposed by viscoelastic properties of the lung and thoracic tissues are removed, since these are not a part of Rohrer’s estimates [10]. 2.3 Alveolar ventilation is not uniform even i ...
Role of the Nervous System in the Control of Vascular
... type of neurogenic vasodilatation is caused simply by inhibitioni of the prevailing activity of the medullary vasoconstrictor fiber center (VMC). There is no evidence of any tonically aetive, common vasodilator- fiber center and the 3 vasodilator fiber types do definitely- not form any functionally ...
... type of neurogenic vasodilatation is caused simply by inhibitioni of the prevailing activity of the medullary vasoconstrictor fiber center (VMC). There is no evidence of any tonically aetive, common vasodilator- fiber center and the 3 vasodilator fiber types do definitely- not form any functionally ...
Neurobiology of injury to the developing brain.
... immediately after a PBBI along the penetrating injury tract. Injured control rats received only liquefied collagen matrix. All animals were allowed to survive two weeks. Consistent with our previous results AMP cells suspended in ACCS failed to survive; likewise, no collagen was identified at the in ...
... immediately after a PBBI along the penetrating injury tract. Injured control rats received only liquefied collagen matrix. All animals were allowed to survive two weeks. Consistent with our previous results AMP cells suspended in ACCS failed to survive; likewise, no collagen was identified at the in ...
1. The term "renal autoregulation" refers in part to the fact that A. the
... 10. D. Remember that creatinine is filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted (approximately), so creatinine concentration depends on the amount of water remaining. The volume of urine is less that the volume of fluid at any of the other sites listed. 11. C. Less urea would be cleared because less ...
... 10. D. Remember that creatinine is filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted (approximately), so creatinine concentration depends on the amount of water remaining. The volume of urine is less that the volume of fluid at any of the other sites listed. 11. C. Less urea would be cleared because less ...
Physiology MCQs
... b) brainstem respiratory neurons only discharge during inspiration c) arterial PAO2 must be below 80mmHg to produce increased discharge from peripheral chemoreceptor d) medullary chemoreceptors monitor O2 concentration in the CSF e) in metabolic alkalosis ventilation is depressed ...
... b) brainstem respiratory neurons only discharge during inspiration c) arterial PAO2 must be below 80mmHg to produce increased discharge from peripheral chemoreceptor d) medullary chemoreceptors monitor O2 concentration in the CSF e) in metabolic alkalosis ventilation is depressed ...
Arterial Blood Supply to the Auditory Cortex of the Chinchilla
... carotid arteries. The rostral cerebral artery runs medially to reach the longitudinal ssure between the two cerebral hemispheres above the optic chiasm. In many mammalian species the rostral cerebrals are joined by the rostral communicating artery; however, in seven of the eight chinchillas examin ...
... carotid arteries. The rostral cerebral artery runs medially to reach the longitudinal ssure between the two cerebral hemispheres above the optic chiasm. In many mammalian species the rostral cerebrals are joined by the rostral communicating artery; however, in seven of the eight chinchillas examin ...
Principles of Renal Physiology
... • As blood moves through the capillary, water is removed by ultrafiltration. • This results in a progressive decrease of hydraulic pressure in the blood compartment with a parallel increase in the counterpressure generated by the progressive increase in plasma proteins. ...
... • As blood moves through the capillary, water is removed by ultrafiltration. • This results in a progressive decrease of hydraulic pressure in the blood compartment with a parallel increase in the counterpressure generated by the progressive increase in plasma proteins. ...
lecture16-pulm
... How does blood flow affect the balance of gases? How does ventilation affect the balance of gases? When is the exchange blood flow limited? When is the exchange ventilation limited? ...
... How does blood flow affect the balance of gases? How does ventilation affect the balance of gases? When is the exchange blood flow limited? When is the exchange ventilation limited? ...
Full version (PDF file)
... in hypertensive rats (Zhou et al. 2014, Ramachandra et al. 2014, Pechanova and Simko 2009). Thus, we hypothesized that melatonin may contribute to blood pressure reduction by increasing brain NOS activity with the attenuation of sympathetic tone also in our experimental study. The question arises wh ...
... in hypertensive rats (Zhou et al. 2014, Ramachandra et al. 2014, Pechanova and Simko 2009). Thus, we hypothesized that melatonin may contribute to blood pressure reduction by increasing brain NOS activity with the attenuation of sympathetic tone also in our experimental study. The question arises wh ...
Cerebral circulation
... b)The mean cerebral arterial and venous blood pressures: •The CBF depends mainly on the difference ( ) the arterial and venous pressures at the brain level, which is called the effective perfusion pressure. •This means that, the CBF ↑es when the arterial pressure is ↑ed or venous pressures ↓ed, and ...
... b)The mean cerebral arterial and venous blood pressures: •The CBF depends mainly on the difference ( ) the arterial and venous pressures at the brain level, which is called the effective perfusion pressure. •This means that, the CBF ↑es when the arterial pressure is ↑ed or venous pressures ↓ed, and ...
Chapter 14:The Brain and Cranial Nerves
... • Caused by bacterial and virus invasion of the CNS by way of the nose and throat • Pia mater and arachnoid are most often affected • Bacterial meningitis can cause swelling of the brain, enlargment of the ventricles, and hemorrhage ...
... • Caused by bacterial and virus invasion of the CNS by way of the nose and throat • Pia mater and arachnoid are most often affected • Bacterial meningitis can cause swelling of the brain, enlargment of the ventricles, and hemorrhage ...
Modeling the Cardiovascular System using STELLA A module for
... consequence of inactivity is seen in patients who have been bedridden for long periods of time. Lack of physical activity allows blood to pool in the venous reservoir, stagnate and then clot. This condition is called deep vein thrombosis (thrombus = clot). The human heart pumps about once per second ...
... consequence of inactivity is seen in patients who have been bedridden for long periods of time. Lack of physical activity allows blood to pool in the venous reservoir, stagnate and then clot. This condition is called deep vein thrombosis (thrombus = clot). The human heart pumps about once per second ...
Neurological Consequences
... ■ hydrocodone – 3.8 hours Protracted opioid withdrawal symptoms are generally less severe than acute withdrawal symptoms, but they can still be very uncomfortable. Symptoms can include: ■ craving ■ decreased blood pressure ■ decreased body temperature ■ decreased heart rate ■ deep muscle aches ■ dep ...
... ■ hydrocodone – 3.8 hours Protracted opioid withdrawal symptoms are generally less severe than acute withdrawal symptoms, but they can still be very uncomfortable. Symptoms can include: ■ craving ■ decreased blood pressure ■ decreased body temperature ■ decreased heart rate ■ deep muscle aches ■ dep ...
cerebral cortex - Global Anatomy Home Page
... problems with the blood supply of the cerebral hemispheres (cortex, internal capsule, and basal ganglia) even if you don’t become a neurologist or neurosurgeon. You should overlearn this material to the point where you won’t forget it. Don’t forget that beyond the Circle of Willis, anastomoses betwe ...
... problems with the blood supply of the cerebral hemispheres (cortex, internal capsule, and basal ganglia) even if you don’t become a neurologist or neurosurgeon. You should overlearn this material to the point where you won’t forget it. Don’t forget that beyond the Circle of Willis, anastomoses betwe ...
Chapter 3
... • Volume of blood flowing back to the heart from the systemic veins – depends on pressure difference from venules (16 mm Hg) to right atrium (0 mm Hg) – tricuspid valve leaky and buildup of blood on venous side of circulation • Skeletal muscle pump – contraction of muscles & presence of valves • Res ...
... • Volume of blood flowing back to the heart from the systemic veins – depends on pressure difference from venules (16 mm Hg) to right atrium (0 mm Hg) – tricuspid valve leaky and buildup of blood on venous side of circulation • Skeletal muscle pump – contraction of muscles & presence of valves • Res ...
Lymphatic System
... Normal lymph flow is very little at interstitial fluid pressures more negative than the normal value of -6 mm Hg. Then, as the pressure rises to 0 mm Hg (atmospheric pressure), flow increases more than 20-fold. Any factor that increases interstitial fluid pressure also increases lymph flow if the ly ...
... Normal lymph flow is very little at interstitial fluid pressures more negative than the normal value of -6 mm Hg. Then, as the pressure rises to 0 mm Hg (atmospheric pressure), flow increases more than 20-fold. Any factor that increases interstitial fluid pressure also increases lymph flow if the ly ...
Carotid Sinus
... • A flow-limiting spasm could be a potential hazard in the presence of occlusion of the contralateral ICA or in cases of incomplete circle of Willis. • Intra-arterial administration of 100 to 400 micrograms of nitroglycerin through the guiding sheath generally leads to a rapid resolution of the spas ...
... • A flow-limiting spasm could be a potential hazard in the presence of occlusion of the contralateral ICA or in cases of incomplete circle of Willis. • Intra-arterial administration of 100 to 400 micrograms of nitroglycerin through the guiding sheath generally leads to a rapid resolution of the spas ...
Cerebral Cortex Lect
... Projection Fibers — fibers that leave the cerebral white matter. Projection fibers form the internal capsule. Two categories of projection fibers are: 1] corticofugal: terminate in the basal nuclei, brainstem, or spinal cord; 2] corticopedal: typically originate in thalamus & terminate in cerebral c ...
... Projection Fibers — fibers that leave the cerebral white matter. Projection fibers form the internal capsule. Two categories of projection fibers are: 1] corticofugal: terminate in the basal nuclei, brainstem, or spinal cord; 2] corticopedal: typically originate in thalamus & terminate in cerebral c ...
Understanding the Brain - NSTA Learning Center
... From GG Gross de Nunez and RD Schwartz-Bloom. Animated Neuroscience & the Actions of Nicotine, Cocaine, & Marijuana in the Brain (www.films.com) ...
... From GG Gross de Nunez and RD Schwartz-Bloom. Animated Neuroscience & the Actions of Nicotine, Cocaine, & Marijuana in the Brain (www.films.com) ...
Region-specific effects of hypothyroidism on the relative expression
... one or all TR isoforms [26, 30–32], suggesting that there is also different physiological relevance for T3 and its nuclear receptors. Recent studies also showed that the relative expression of TRs in adult rat cerebral hemispheres is affected by altered neural activity in an isoform-specific manner, ...
... one or all TR isoforms [26, 30–32], suggesting that there is also different physiological relevance for T3 and its nuclear receptors. Recent studies also showed that the relative expression of TRs in adult rat cerebral hemispheres is affected by altered neural activity in an isoform-specific manner, ...
Glomerular Filtration - Interactive Physiology
... • Sympathetic nerve fibers innervate all blood vessels of the kidney as an extrinsic regulation mechanism. During normal daily activity they have minimal influence. However, during periods of extreme stress or blood loss, sympathetic stimulation overrides the autoregulatory mechanisms of the kidney. ...
... • Sympathetic nerve fibers innervate all blood vessels of the kidney as an extrinsic regulation mechanism. During normal daily activity they have minimal influence. However, during periods of extreme stress or blood loss, sympathetic stimulation overrides the autoregulatory mechanisms of the kidney. ...
Glomerular Fil No HP - Interactive Physiology
... • Sympathetic nerve fibers innervate all blood vessels of the kidney as an extrinsic regulation mechanism. During normal daily activity they have minimal influence. However, during periods of extreme stress or blood loss, sympathetic stimulation overrides the autoregulatory mechanisms of the kidney. ...
... • Sympathetic nerve fibers innervate all blood vessels of the kidney as an extrinsic regulation mechanism. During normal daily activity they have minimal influence. However, during periods of extreme stress or blood loss, sympathetic stimulation overrides the autoregulatory mechanisms of the kidney. ...
Intracranial pressure
Intracranial pressure (ICP) is the pressure inside the skull and thus in the brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The body has various mechanisms by which it keeps the ICP stable, with CSF pressures varying by about 1 mmHg in normal adults through shifts in production and absorption of CSF. CSF pressure has been shown to be influenced by abrupt changes in intrathoracic pressure during coughing (intraabdominal pressure), valsalva maneuver, and communication with the vasculature (venous and arterial systems). ICP is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and, at rest, is normally 7–15 mmHg for a supine adult. Changes in ICP are attributed to volume changes in one or more of the constituents contained in the cranium. Intracranial hypertension, commonly abbreviated IH, IICP or raised ICP, is elevation of the pressure in the cranium. ICP is normally 7–15 mm Hg; at 20–25 mm Hg, the upper limit of normal, treatment to reduce ICP may be needed.