2. Data and Methodology
... author: Li Zhi(1978-), College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China. e-mail: [email protected] ...
... author: Li Zhi(1978-), College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China. e-mail: [email protected] ...
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... We solve the model using the algorithm presented in García-León (2015). We run the resulting code in Matlab using the compecon optimiser as presented in Miranda and Fackler (2002). Since each of the optimisation at the different Chebychev nodes is independent conditional on the time step, we can com ...
... We solve the model using the algorithm presented in García-León (2015). We run the resulting code in Matlab using the compecon optimiser as presented in Miranda and Fackler (2002). Since each of the optimisation at the different Chebychev nodes is independent conditional on the time step, we can com ...
carbon geography: the political economy of congressional support
... such regulation will raise electricity prices in regions where power is mainly generated using fossil fuels such as coal and natural gas. ...
... such regulation will raise electricity prices in regions where power is mainly generated using fossil fuels such as coal and natural gas. ...
Global Warming: The Science and the Politics
... deal with contamination of the record of temperatures over land by the effects of urban warming and other changes in land use. Scientists have long known that the asphalt, concrete and structures in cities can produce a local warming affect and many of the oldest temperature-monitoring stations arou ...
... deal with contamination of the record of temperatures over land by the effects of urban warming and other changes in land use. Scientists have long known that the asphalt, concrete and structures in cities can produce a local warming affect and many of the oldest temperature-monitoring stations arou ...
Climate Stabilization at 2°C and Net Zero Carbon Emissions
... to prevent surface temperature from rising further. A major reason for our results is that the land and ocean uptake rates are a function of the total atmospheric CO2 concentration and, due to the very long lifetime of CO2, this does not decrease anywhere near as fast as the imposed CO2 emissions. T ...
... to prevent surface temperature from rising further. A major reason for our results is that the land and ocean uptake rates are a function of the total atmospheric CO2 concentration and, due to the very long lifetime of CO2, this does not decrease anywhere near as fast as the imposed CO2 emissions. T ...
Defining loss and damage: The science and politics around one of
... have been irreparably damaged, to develop new ones.” 6 AOSIS used similar language. In a submission prior to the Warsaw conference, the group wrote that a loss and damage mechanism “is more urgent than ever in light of the low mitigation ambition reflected in current pledges and the subsequent worse ...
... have been irreparably damaged, to develop new ones.” 6 AOSIS used similar language. In a submission prior to the Warsaw conference, the group wrote that a loss and damage mechanism “is more urgent than ever in light of the low mitigation ambition reflected in current pledges and the subsequent worse ...
Climate Skepticism and the Manufacture of Doubt: Can Dissent in
... (Leuschner forthcoming; Lloyd 2010; 2012). There is near-unanimous consensus on these basics, as indicated by the IPCC, established in 1988 by the United Nations (UN) to represent the international state of knowledge about the issues of climate change. The IPCC assessment reports demonstrate that th ...
... (Leuschner forthcoming; Lloyd 2010; 2012). There is near-unanimous consensus on these basics, as indicated by the IPCC, established in 1988 by the United Nations (UN) to represent the international state of knowledge about the issues of climate change. The IPCC assessment reports demonstrate that th ...
A Credible Foundation for Long Term International
... the permit system replaces the conflict that a carbon tax would cause between a government and energy users with conflict between two private sector groups: permit owners and energy users. It doesn’t eliminate the difficulty of reducing emissions but it does even out the political landscape and redu ...
... the permit system replaces the conflict that a carbon tax would cause between a government and energy users with conflict between two private sector groups: permit owners and energy users. It doesn’t eliminate the difficulty of reducing emissions but it does even out the political landscape and redu ...
The need for new ocean conservation strategies in a high
... in many areas46–51. It is therefore time for the marine science, management and conservation communities to ask a fundamental question: if stabilization of atmospheric CO2 at safe levels cannot or will not be achieved, and if critical marine species and ecosystems prove not to be resilient or able t ...
... in many areas46–51. It is therefore time for the marine science, management and conservation communities to ask a fundamental question: if stabilization of atmospheric CO2 at safe levels cannot or will not be achieved, and if critical marine species and ecosystems prove not to be resilient or able t ...
IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS)
... world's population on 2.4% of world's total area has greatly increased the pressure on its natural resources (Huma Mustafa Beg; 2008). Water shortages, soil exhaustion and erosion, deforestation, air and water pollution afflicts many areas. ...
... world's population on 2.4% of world's total area has greatly increased the pressure on its natural resources (Huma Mustafa Beg; 2008). Water shortages, soil exhaustion and erosion, deforestation, air and water pollution afflicts many areas. ...
Keeping North Carolina`s Farms and Forests Vibrant and Resilient
... Resilience, published by the North Carolina Cooperative Extension. This document offers examples of good management practices for increasing forest resilience. Another good resource is Protecting Your Forest Asset: Managing Risks in Changing Times. This pamphlet published by southern Regional Extens ...
... Resilience, published by the North Carolina Cooperative Extension. This document offers examples of good management practices for increasing forest resilience. Another good resource is Protecting Your Forest Asset: Managing Risks in Changing Times. This pamphlet published by southern Regional Extens ...
Appendix 4 Coding Sheet
... those who say there has been no significant warming since 1998; attribution sceptics are those who accept the trend, but either question the anthropogenic contribution saying it is overstated, negligent or non-existent compared to other factors like natural variation, or say it is not known with suf ...
... those who say there has been no significant warming since 1998; attribution sceptics are those who accept the trend, but either question the anthropogenic contribution saying it is overstated, negligent or non-existent compared to other factors like natural variation, or say it is not known with suf ...
Dias nummer 1 - Atmospheric Composition Change
... Today – often one national emission factor is used (for several year). ...
... Today – often one national emission factor is used (for several year). ...
Are there connections between the Earth`s magnetic field and climate?
... total amount of energy coming from the Sun at all wavelengths), in atmospheric water vapor and carbon dioxide content (and also aerosols emitted by volcanoes, notably SO2, see below) are the main potential agents of climate change at various timescales. Defining the appropriate observables that shou ...
... total amount of energy coming from the Sun at all wavelengths), in atmospheric water vapor and carbon dioxide content (and also aerosols emitted by volcanoes, notably SO2, see below) are the main potential agents of climate change at various timescales. Defining the appropriate observables that shou ...
Karuk Tribe: Integrating Traditional Ecological Knowledge within
... true and equal partnerships in planning, policy making, and forest management activities.” (Karuk 2010) The Department of Natural Resources established environmental protection programs focused on using TEK and traditional ecosystem management to foster ecological complexity. “The Karuk vision of ec ...
... true and equal partnerships in planning, policy making, and forest management activities.” (Karuk 2010) The Department of Natural Resources established environmental protection programs focused on using TEK and traditional ecosystem management to foster ecological complexity. “The Karuk vision of ec ...
Mechanisms of change in fish populations
... accurate model predictions (Blog #’s: 7, 40) to give us the necessary baseline maps. Then we can plug and chug through the stream climate velocity calculations (Blog #36) to see how far/fast those areas with thermal constraints would shift based on various warming scenarios (Blog #23). It’s still an ...
... accurate model predictions (Blog #’s: 7, 40) to give us the necessary baseline maps. Then we can plug and chug through the stream climate velocity calculations (Blog #36) to see how far/fast those areas with thermal constraints would shift based on various warming scenarios (Blog #23). It’s still an ...
s ustainability
... Sustainability 2013, 5, 136-159; doi: 10.3390/su50 10136 This file was created by scanning the printed publication. Text errors identified by the software have been corrected: however, some errors may remain. ...
... Sustainability 2013, 5, 136-159; doi: 10.3390/su50 10136 This file was created by scanning the printed publication. Text errors identified by the software have been corrected: however, some errors may remain. ...
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... market prices (Lobell et al. 2008). The economies of scale has led to an overall expansion tendency in agricultural production (Easterling 1996), which can benefit from lower costs of production, potentially more access to information and policy-making processes, as well as regional market power whe ...
... market prices (Lobell et al. 2008). The economies of scale has led to an overall expansion tendency in agricultural production (Easterling 1996), which can benefit from lower costs of production, potentially more access to information and policy-making processes, as well as regional market power whe ...
Climate Change Workshop Proceedings
... federal government, the public health sector and non-governmental organizations presented evidencebased information on climate change and its implications. In their presentations, these experts considered the impact of climate change on human health and the importance of both adaptation and mitigati ...
... federal government, the public health sector and non-governmental organizations presented evidencebased information on climate change and its implications. In their presentations, these experts considered the impact of climate change on human health and the importance of both adaptation and mitigati ...
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... program, and a host of other regional pollutant trading schemes in the United States.1 Even the Kyoto Protocol, by most accounts, is viewed as a first step in capping emissions that must then lead to even lower levels in subsequent periods. Yet, the uncertainty surrounding climate change suggests th ...
... program, and a host of other regional pollutant trading schemes in the United States.1 Even the Kyoto Protocol, by most accounts, is viewed as a first step in capping emissions that must then lead to even lower levels in subsequent periods. Yet, the uncertainty surrounding climate change suggests th ...
Global Climate Change - Vanderbilt University
... Atmospheric CO2 concentration has already increased about 40%, from 270 parts per million (ppm) in preindustrial times to ~380 ppm today. This would not be a problem if natural processes rapidly removed excess CO2 from the atmosphere, but that is not so; the removal time (the time it would take natu ...
... Atmospheric CO2 concentration has already increased about 40%, from 270 parts per million (ppm) in preindustrial times to ~380 ppm today. This would not be a problem if natural processes rapidly removed excess CO2 from the atmosphere, but that is not so; the removal time (the time it would take natu ...
Full Report
... climate. These include General Circulation Models (GCMs), the large models developed for weather forecasting that are now used, among other purposes. to estimate the sensitivity y of global climate to various hypothesized increases in greenhouse gas concentrations. Some GCMs involve coupled represen ...
... climate. These include General Circulation Models (GCMs), the large models developed for weather forecasting that are now used, among other purposes. to estimate the sensitivity y of global climate to various hypothesized increases in greenhouse gas concentrations. Some GCMs involve coupled represen ...
Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System (CAWSES): Selected Papers... Edited by T. Tsuda, R. Fujii, K. Shibata, and M....
... to additional factors such as solar and volcanic forcing. The Sun is by far the most important source of energy for Earth and direct satellite based observations during the past 30 years show that the solar constant (total solar irradiance TSI) changes in phase with the solar magnetic activity. The ...
... to additional factors such as solar and volcanic forcing. The Sun is by far the most important source of energy for Earth and direct satellite based observations during the past 30 years show that the solar constant (total solar irradiance TSI) changes in phase with the solar magnetic activity. The ...
Changing Cheviots
... development of simple and practical long term resilience measures to maintain business viability, whilst also having strong social and environmental priorities, in the face of a changing climate. The approach will reflect the needs of land managers and ensure the emphasis continues to be on practica ...
... development of simple and practical long term resilience measures to maintain business viability, whilst also having strong social and environmental priorities, in the face of a changing climate. The approach will reflect the needs of land managers and ensure the emphasis continues to be on practica ...
Developing adaptive forest management strategies to cope with
... and composition. To adapt managed forests to changing environmental conditions it may be necessary to modify traditional forest management strategies. An extended version of a forest gap model was applied to a managed forest district in northeastern Germany. The model was initialized with forest inv ...
... and composition. To adapt managed forests to changing environmental conditions it may be necessary to modify traditional forest management strategies. An extended version of a forest gap model was applied to a managed forest district in northeastern Germany. The model was initialized with forest inv ...
Climate engineering
Climate engineering, also referred to as geoengineering or climate intervention, is the deliberate and large-scale intervention in the Earth’s climatic system with the aim of limiting adverse climate change. Climate engineering is an umbrella term for two types of measures: carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management. Carbon dioxide removal addresses the cause of climate change by removing one of the greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide) from the atmosphere. Solar radiation management attempts to offset effects of greenhouse gases by causing the Earth to absorb less solar radiation.Climate engineering approaches are sometimes viewed as additional potential options for limiting climate change, alongside mitigation and adaptation. There is substantial agreement among scientists that climate engineering cannot substitute climate change mitigation. Some approaches might be used as accompanying measures to sharp cuts in greenhouse gas emissions. Given that all types of measures addressing climate change have economic, political or physical limitations a some climate engineering approaches might eventually be used as part of an ensemble of measures. Research on costs, benefits, and various types of risks of most climate engineering approaches is at an early stage and their understanding needs to improve to judge their adequacy and feasibility.No known large-scale climate engineering projects have taken place to date. Almost all research into solar geoengineering has consisted of computer modelling or laboratory tests, and attempts to move to real-world experimentation have proved controversial for many types of climate engineering. Some practices, such as planting of trees and whitening of surfaces as well as bio-energy with carbon capture and storage projects are underway, their scalability to effectively affect global climate is however debated. Ocean iron fertilization has been given small-scale research trials, sparking substantial controversy.Most experts and major reports advise against relying on geoengineering techniques as a simple solution to climate change, in part due to the large uncertainties over effectiveness and side effects. However, most experts also argue that the risks of such interventions must be seen in the context of risks of dangerous climate change. Interventions at large scale may run a greater risk disrupting natural systems resulting in a dilemma that those approaches that could prove highly (cost-) effective in addressing extreme climate risk, might themselves cause substantial risk. Some have suggested that the concept of geoengineering the climate presents a moral hazard because it could reduce political and public pressure for emissions reduction, which could exacerbate overall climate risks.Groups such as ETC Group and some climate researchers (such as Raymond Pierrehumbert) are in favour of a moratorium on out-of-doors testing and deployment of SRM.