Trophic complementarity drives the biodiversityecosystem
... A and C are interaction matrices representing, respectively, the bipartite networks for predation and resource consumption, in which the consuming organisms (predators and consumers respectively) are in rows, and the consumed organisms (consumers and resources respectively) are in columns. Values wi ...
... A and C are interaction matrices representing, respectively, the bipartite networks for predation and resource consumption, in which the consuming organisms (predators and consumers respectively) are in rows, and the consumed organisms (consumers and resources respectively) are in columns. Values wi ...
Alien species in fresh waters: ecological effects, interactions with
... amurensis (Schrenck), also originally from east Asia but now in brackish waters in California (e.g., Alpine & Cloern, 1992; Kimmerer, 2002); and Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker), an Asian mytilid that is ecologically similar to the dreissenid mussels and which has developed large populations in the Plat ...
... amurensis (Schrenck), also originally from east Asia but now in brackish waters in California (e.g., Alpine & Cloern, 1992; Kimmerer, 2002); and Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker), an Asian mytilid that is ecologically similar to the dreissenid mussels and which has developed large populations in the Plat ...
Absence of predation eliminates coexistence
... of its habitat, in a steady state with its food resources, consisting of small green flagellate algae, which are successful in compensating high loss rates due to grazing, by fast growth. In such a situation, the high filtering rate of Daphnia or Artemia reduces resources to levels that are sufficie ...
... of its habitat, in a steady state with its food resources, consisting of small green flagellate algae, which are successful in compensating high loss rates due to grazing, by fast growth. In such a situation, the high filtering rate of Daphnia or Artemia reduces resources to levels that are sufficie ...
2010 Sekercioglu OUP Conservation Book
... are expected to increase evaporation and consequent precipitation in some places and raise the likelihood of droughts and fires in other places, both scenarios that would have major consequences for the world’s vegetation (Wright 2005). These changes in turn can lead to further climatic problems, aff ...
... are expected to increase evaporation and consequent precipitation in some places and raise the likelihood of droughts and fires in other places, both scenarios that would have major consequences for the world’s vegetation (Wright 2005). These changes in turn can lead to further climatic problems, aff ...
the Dark Side of Black Bass
... fish species, creating more homogeneous fish communities, increasing competition among small-bodied fish, reducing energy flow to other game fishes, alterating planktonic and benthic communities, and potentially changing habitat complexity. Discussed within is also the fact that, although there is p ...
... fish species, creating more homogeneous fish communities, increasing competition among small-bodied fish, reducing energy flow to other game fishes, alterating planktonic and benthic communities, and potentially changing habitat complexity. Discussed within is also the fact that, although there is p ...
A Ravine`s Web of Life - Park District of Highland Park
... are important because plants and animals cannot create (or destroy) extra energy. They can only change energy from one form to another. Every ecosystem has its own unique set of producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and decomposers. Below is a list of energy sources, organisms and group ...
... are important because plants and animals cannot create (or destroy) extra energy. They can only change energy from one form to another. Every ecosystem has its own unique set of producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and decomposers. Below is a list of energy sources, organisms and group ...
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
... ecosystem services are increasingly acknowledged. The possibilities for societies to benefit from ecosystem services now and in the future form the very basis for human development. The UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) gives a common framework for targeted biodiversity action worldwide. A ...
... ecosystem services are increasingly acknowledged. The possibilities for societies to benefit from ecosystem services now and in the future form the very basis for human development. The UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) gives a common framework for targeted biodiversity action worldwide. A ...
lachlania-dencyanna-petition
... grazing; in addition to altered hydrological conditions and flow regimes from global climate change and increases in human water demand in an arid and increasingly populated region. In summary, the Gila mayfly is vulnerable to extinction from multiple anthropogenic threats and should be granted prot ...
... grazing; in addition to altered hydrological conditions and flow regimes from global climate change and increases in human water demand in an arid and increasingly populated region. In summary, the Gila mayfly is vulnerable to extinction from multiple anthropogenic threats and should be granted prot ...
Gila mayfly, Lachlania dencyanna
... grazing; in addition to altered hydrological conditions and flow regimes from global climate change and increases in human water demand in an arid and increasingly populated region. In summary, the Gila mayfly is vulnerable to extinction from multiple anthropogenic threats and should be granted prot ...
... grazing; in addition to altered hydrological conditions and flow regimes from global climate change and increases in human water demand in an arid and increasingly populated region. In summary, the Gila mayfly is vulnerable to extinction from multiple anthropogenic threats and should be granted prot ...
Duck–fish competition in boreal lakes – a review
... fish–duck competition research done in this area. Many ducks also feed on plants but here we focus on competition for invertebrate prey because, as far as we know, studies addressing specifically fish–duck competition for plants have not been done. We include all the Eurasian boreal areas described ...
... fish–duck competition research done in this area. Many ducks also feed on plants but here we focus on competition for invertebrate prey because, as far as we know, studies addressing specifically fish–duck competition for plants have not been done. We include all the Eurasian boreal areas described ...
Elevated carbon dioxide is predicted to promote model
... diversity of plant communities (Zavaleta et al. 2003; Suding et al. 2005). However, there is currently relatively little theory predicting what kind of change in community ...
... diversity of plant communities (Zavaleta et al. 2003; Suding et al. 2005). However, there is currently relatively little theory predicting what kind of change in community ...
Biodiversity, productivity and the temporal stability of
... temporal stability by decreasing species richness (Hillebrand et al. 2008). That is, declines in evenness may result in declines in species richness (Wilsey & Polley 2004), which may then decrease temporal stability (Tilman et al. 2006; van Ruijven & Berendse 2007). Thus, it has been predicted that ...
... temporal stability by decreasing species richness (Hillebrand et al. 2008). That is, declines in evenness may result in declines in species richness (Wilsey & Polley 2004), which may then decrease temporal stability (Tilman et al. 2006; van Ruijven & Berendse 2007). Thus, it has been predicted that ...
mink
... caused many trappers to decrease their effort for this species and to focus on more financially rewarding furbearers. In BC, the annual harvest of wild mink has declined from between 10000 to 20000 animals in the 1950s, to an average of less than 5000 from the 1950s through the mid-1990s, and less t ...
... caused many trappers to decrease their effort for this species and to focus on more financially rewarding furbearers. In BC, the annual harvest of wild mink has declined from between 10000 to 20000 animals in the 1950s, to an average of less than 5000 from the 1950s through the mid-1990s, and less t ...
Bottom-up and top-down processes in African ungulate communities
... The biomasses of both lions and ungulates in the Ngorongoro Crater were considerably higher than in the other areas; this point is an outlier and has therefore been removed from all our numerical responses. The abundance of lions increased with the biomass of mesoherbivores: the best model was a lin ...
... The biomasses of both lions and ungulates in the Ngorongoro Crater were considerably higher than in the other areas; this point is an outlier and has therefore been removed from all our numerical responses. The abundance of lions increased with the biomass of mesoherbivores: the best model was a lin ...
Deep pelagic biology - School of Ocean and Earth Science and
... affected by increasing pressure as well. Oxygen content decreases below the mixed layer and it shows considerable geographic and sometimes seasonal variability. In upwelling regions such as the eastern tropical Pacific, the Arabian Sea, and the eastern tropical Atlantic, high productivity at the sur ...
... affected by increasing pressure as well. Oxygen content decreases below the mixed layer and it shows considerable geographic and sometimes seasonal variability. In upwelling regions such as the eastern tropical Pacific, the Arabian Sea, and the eastern tropical Atlantic, high productivity at the sur ...
Conservation of Deep Pelagic Biodiversity
... these linkages (Edwards & Richardson 2004), with negative effects at higher trophic levels. Although most of these effects of climate change have been measured only in coastal waters or in the open ocean’s upper layers, it is likely that corresponding changes are occurring in the deeper parts of the ...
... these linkages (Edwards & Richardson 2004), with negative effects at higher trophic levels. Although most of these effects of climate change have been measured only in coastal waters or in the open ocean’s upper layers, it is likely that corresponding changes are occurring in the deeper parts of the ...
Macrophytes as habitat for fauna
... organisms, macrophytes are important primary producers in coastal ecosystems, and are therefore a potential food resource for the associated animals. Overgrazing sometimes occurs, showing that grazers have the potential to consume their habitat. Most attention has been given to sea urchins grazing s ...
... organisms, macrophytes are important primary producers in coastal ecosystems, and are therefore a potential food resource for the associated animals. Overgrazing sometimes occurs, showing that grazers have the potential to consume their habitat. Most attention has been given to sea urchins grazing s ...
Singlespecies metapopulation dynamics
... subpopulations”, and how “the consequences of this spreading of the risk in space will be a relative reduction in the amplitude of fluctuations of animal numbers in the entire population” (den Boer, 1968). The point Andrewartha & Birch (1954) and den Boer (1968) are making is the varying conditions ...
... subpopulations”, and how “the consequences of this spreading of the risk in space will be a relative reduction in the amplitude of fluctuations of animal numbers in the entire population” (den Boer, 1968). The point Andrewartha & Birch (1954) and den Boer (1968) are making is the varying conditions ...
19-Population ecology
... the case in the real world. Charles Darwin recognized this fact in his description of the “struggle for existence,” which states that individuals will compete (with members of their own or other species) for limited resources. The successful ones are more likely to survive and pass on the traits tha ...
... the case in the real world. Charles Darwin recognized this fact in his description of the “struggle for existence,” which states that individuals will compete (with members of their own or other species) for limited resources. The successful ones are more likely to survive and pass on the traits tha ...
Dinger EC, Hendrickson DA, Winsborough BM, Marks JC (2006)
... (Grotzinger, 1990) and competition for space with other algal forms (Moore & Burne, 1994). Application of food web theory may increase understanding of the interactions of vertebrates, invertebrates and stromatolites. Food web theory predicts that in a two trophic level system, topdown effects of her ...
... (Grotzinger, 1990) and competition for space with other algal forms (Moore & Burne, 1994). Application of food web theory may increase understanding of the interactions of vertebrates, invertebrates and stromatolites. Food web theory predicts that in a two trophic level system, topdown effects of her ...
Coextinction and Persistence of Dependent Species in a Changing
... parasites under captive rearing. In a growing number of cases, when the last individuals of rare species are brought into captivity for breeding with the aim of subsequent reintroduction of the species, they are immediately treated with biocides (pesticides, endectocides, or antihelminthics) to elim ...
... parasites under captive rearing. In a growing number of cases, when the last individuals of rare species are brought into captivity for breeding with the aim of subsequent reintroduction of the species, they are immediately treated with biocides (pesticides, endectocides, or antihelminthics) to elim ...
Overexploitation
Overexploitation, also called overharvesting, refers to harvesting a renewable resource to the point of diminishing returns. Sustained overexploitation can lead to the destruction of the resource. The term applies to natural resources such as: wild medicinal plants, grazing pastures, game animals, fish stocks, forests, and water aquifers.In ecology, overexploitation describes one of the five main activities threatening global biodiversity. Ecologists use the term to describe populations that are harvested at a rate that is unsustainable, given their natural rates of mortality and capacities for reproduction. This can result in extinction at the population level and even extinction of whole species. In conservation biology the term is usually used in the context of human economic activity that involves the taking of biological resources, or organisms, in larger numbers than their populations can withstand. The term is also used and defined somewhat differently in fisheries, hydrology and natural resource management.Overexploitation can lead to resource destruction, including extinctions. However it is also possible for overexploitation to be sustainable, as discussed below in the section on fisheries. In the context of fishing, the term overfishing can be used instead of overexploitation, as can overgrazing in stock management, overlogging in forest management, overdrafting in aquifer management, and endangered species in species monitoring. Overexploitation is not an activity limited to humans. Introduced predators and herbivores, for example, can overexploit native flora and fauna.