1 CALIFORNIA SPECIAL CONCERN
... fish such as Delta smelt and their larvae. Low outflows place the mixing zone in the deep, narrow channels of the Delta and Sacramento River where productivity is lower because much of the water is beyond the reach of sunlight so fewer fish can be supported. A strong relationship between the abundan ...
... fish such as Delta smelt and their larvae. Low outflows place the mixing zone in the deep, narrow channels of the Delta and Sacramento River where productivity is lower because much of the water is beyond the reach of sunlight so fewer fish can be supported. A strong relationship between the abundan ...
Aqua Introductory Research Essay 2016:2
... Animal populations have historically often been viewed as groups consisting of identical individuals. However, as almost all animal taxa grow during ontogeny, populations do consist of differently sized individuals which affect their environment in different ways. As growth, survival and reproductio ...
... Animal populations have historically often been viewed as groups consisting of identical individuals. However, as almost all animal taxa grow during ontogeny, populations do consist of differently sized individuals which affect their environment in different ways. As growth, survival and reproductio ...
AG. 518 BOTANY\RANGE SCIENCE
... Explain a food chain, discussing the two major types of food chain, how they are different and how they are similar Sketch several simple food chains and indicate all producers and consumers Explain microconsumers and why they are important Explain biomass and how it is measured Discuss why biomass ...
... Explain a food chain, discussing the two major types of food chain, how they are different and how they are similar Sketch several simple food chains and indicate all producers and consumers Explain microconsumers and why they are important Explain biomass and how it is measured Discuss why biomass ...
FLOW Unit 1: Food Web Overview - the National Sea Grant Library
... In a simple food chain, aquatic bugs eat the plants, and small fish eat the bugs. Big fish eat the little fish, and people catch and eat the big fish. As mentioned, however, organisms often feed on more than one species. This interaction is important, because if one organism declines or disappears, ...
... In a simple food chain, aquatic bugs eat the plants, and small fish eat the bugs. Big fish eat the little fish, and people catch and eat the big fish. As mentioned, however, organisms often feed on more than one species. This interaction is important, because if one organism declines or disappears, ...
When does fishing lead to more fish?
... benthic prey. We do this for a top-down controlled system, where abundances of benthic invertebrates are largely controlled by fish predation and for a bottom-up controlled system where resource limitation determines the abundances of benthic invertebrates, which, in turn, determines fish abundance. ...
... benthic prey. We do this for a top-down controlled system, where abundances of benthic invertebrates are largely controlled by fish predation and for a bottom-up controlled system where resource limitation determines the abundances of benthic invertebrates, which, in turn, determines fish abundance. ...
Genetic considerations in shellfish restoration
... is the only option for supplementation. Furthermore, wild catch may be counterproductive if it removes animals that would otherwise have recruited naturally. Hatcheries can also undertake selective breeding programmes for conservation or commercial ends. For example, disease tolerant lines can be de ...
... is the only option for supplementation. Furthermore, wild catch may be counterproductive if it removes animals that would otherwise have recruited naturally. Hatcheries can also undertake selective breeding programmes for conservation or commercial ends. For example, disease tolerant lines can be de ...
Name: Ecology 1. Plants make their own food
... A. Farmers crossbreed two types of cows to produce a breed of cow that has highquality beef and can tolerate a hot climate. B. Dogs of the same breed and having a desirable coat color are bred with one another to produce more puppies with that same coat color. C. Giraffes with longer necks survive a ...
... A. Farmers crossbreed two types of cows to produce a breed of cow that has highquality beef and can tolerate a hot climate. B. Dogs of the same breed and having a desirable coat color are bred with one another to produce more puppies with that same coat color. C. Giraffes with longer necks survive a ...
Adaptation, density dependence and the responses of trophic level
... sites. A number of other factors, including intraspecific aggression, species-specific diseases and the presence of limiting non-food resources, can give rise to direct density dependence, and all of these are common occurrences (Abrams, 1986; Abrams and Ginzburg, 2000). Trade-offs between food inta ...
... sites. A number of other factors, including intraspecific aggression, species-specific diseases and the presence of limiting non-food resources, can give rise to direct density dependence, and all of these are common occurrences (Abrams, 1986; Abrams and Ginzburg, 2000). Trade-offs between food inta ...
Modeling multiple nonconsumptive effects in
... statistics necessary to parameterize the model in hopes that future empirical studies will include additional experiments that can inform modeling frameworks such as the one proposed here. Empirically informed theoretical studies will help evaluate the importance of NCEs on the long-term dynamics of ...
... statistics necessary to parameterize the model in hopes that future empirical studies will include additional experiments that can inform modeling frameworks such as the one proposed here. Empirically informed theoretical studies will help evaluate the importance of NCEs on the long-term dynamics of ...
PARKS AND WILDLIFE CODE TITLE 5. WILDLIFE AND PLANT
... to all fish or wildlife classified as endangered, and it is a violation of this chapter to possess, take, or transport endangered fish or wildlife for zoological gardens or scientific purposes or to take or transport endangered fish or wildlife from their natural habitat for propagation for commerci ...
... to all fish or wildlife classified as endangered, and it is a violation of this chapter to possess, take, or transport endangered fish or wildlife for zoological gardens or scientific purposes or to take or transport endangered fish or wildlife from their natural habitat for propagation for commerci ...
A shift from exploitation to interference competition with increasing
... Ginzburg 1989); an increase in resources will result in an increase in the encounter rate. For example, imagine a population of squirrels that compete for nuts exploitatively, in that each nut eaten by a squirrel reduces the number of nuts available for other squirrels. In that case, squirrel fitnes ...
... Ginzburg 1989); an increase in resources will result in an increase in the encounter rate. For example, imagine a population of squirrels that compete for nuts exploitatively, in that each nut eaten by a squirrel reduces the number of nuts available for other squirrels. In that case, squirrel fitnes ...
Trophic Cascades in Lakes:
... Taken together, these reviews indicate that behavioral effects are more rapid and intense than predicted by simple predator-prey models. The consequences of behavior for trophic cascades are well-expressed in aquatic ecosystems. Moreover, they have important implications for ecosystem consequences o ...
... Taken together, these reviews indicate that behavioral effects are more rapid and intense than predicted by simple predator-prey models. The consequences of behavior for trophic cascades are well-expressed in aquatic ecosystems. Moreover, they have important implications for ecosystem consequences o ...
Competition between distantly related taxa
... 1986): "The struggle will generally be more severe between species of the same genus, if they come into competition, than between the species of distinct genera ... competition will be more severe between allied forms, which fill nearly the same place in the economy of nature". The rationale here is ...
... 1986): "The struggle will generally be more severe between species of the same genus, if they come into competition, than between the species of distinct genera ... competition will be more severe between allied forms, which fill nearly the same place in the economy of nature". The rationale here is ...
Slide 1: NATURAL HISTORY of WHITE
... Deer will experience starvation, and diseases and stunting will occur when populations become too high. Damage to forests: $75 million annual damage to PA's 4th largest industry; prevents regeneration of forests by eating new growth of more valuable trees and by eating most of seeds such as acor ...
... Deer will experience starvation, and diseases and stunting will occur when populations become too high. Damage to forests: $75 million annual damage to PA's 4th largest industry; prevents regeneration of forests by eating new growth of more valuable trees and by eating most of seeds such as acor ...
Pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus)
... have an impact on fish eggs (Garcia-Berthou & Moreno-Amich, 2000). However, studies in GB have found no evidence of ecological impact (Copp et al. 2010; Vilizzi et al. 2012; Stakėnas et al. 2013). Jackson et al. (2016) detected little evidence of negative interactions between L. gibbosus and native ...
... have an impact on fish eggs (Garcia-Berthou & Moreno-Amich, 2000). However, studies in GB have found no evidence of ecological impact (Copp et al. 2010; Vilizzi et al. 2012; Stakėnas et al. 2013). Jackson et al. (2016) detected little evidence of negative interactions between L. gibbosus and native ...
THE STABILITY OF BOUNDARY REGIONS BETWEEN KELP BEDS
... smaller scale mosaics (from meters to hundreds of meters across) of kelp beds and barren areas characterize many kelp forests (Duggins 1983, Watson 1993). These mosaics often exist within what appear to be uniform habitats, and switches between states in specific patches of habitat occur through tim ...
... smaller scale mosaics (from meters to hundreds of meters across) of kelp beds and barren areas characterize many kelp forests (Duggins 1983, Watson 1993). These mosaics often exist within what appear to be uniform habitats, and switches between states in specific patches of habitat occur through tim ...
Ecosystem Flips, Locks, and Feedbacks: the
... Figure 1. Nineteen-year trends in the abundance of Atlantic cod. Modified from Sosebee and Cadrin (2006). Circles represent numbers of fish caught in National Marine Fisheries Service autumn trawl surveys. Smaller black squares along the coast mark our four study regions. ...
... Figure 1. Nineteen-year trends in the abundance of Atlantic cod. Modified from Sosebee and Cadrin (2006). Circles represent numbers of fish caught in National Marine Fisheries Service autumn trawl surveys. Smaller black squares along the coast mark our four study regions. ...
The effects of foliar pubescence and nutrient polymorpha (Myrtaceae)
... glabrous, and intermediate leaf forms on fertilised and unfertilised plots. 2. Fertilisation decreased leaf mass per area (LMA) but did not change the relative mass of pubescence within leaf morphological classes. 3. Fertilisation increased densities of individuals in four taxonomic orders, densitie ...
... glabrous, and intermediate leaf forms on fertilised and unfertilised plots. 2. Fertilisation decreased leaf mass per area (LMA) but did not change the relative mass of pubescence within leaf morphological classes. 3. Fertilisation increased densities of individuals in four taxonomic orders, densitie ...
PDF 428KB - University of Hawaii
... glabrous, and intermediate leaf forms on fertilised and unfertilised plots. 2. Fertilisation decreased leaf mass per area (LMA) but did not change the relative mass of pubescence within leaf morphological classes. 3. Fertilisation increased densities of individuals in four taxonomic orders, densitie ...
... glabrous, and intermediate leaf forms on fertilised and unfertilised plots. 2. Fertilisation decreased leaf mass per area (LMA) but did not change the relative mass of pubescence within leaf morphological classes. 3. Fertilisation increased densities of individuals in four taxonomic orders, densitie ...
Network ecology: topological constraints on ecosystem dynamics
... a long time, the structure of food webs has been characterized by parameters of very limited use (cf. [149]). These network indices wanted to reflect the basic mathematical properties of food webs: these are directed flow networks with one or more sources, one or more sinks and several transmitters. ...
... a long time, the structure of food webs has been characterized by parameters of very limited use (cf. [149]). These network indices wanted to reflect the basic mathematical properties of food webs: these are directed flow networks with one or more sources, one or more sinks and several transmitters. ...
North-East Atlantic and Baltic Sea Health Check
... Zone (EEZ) – the limit of coastal state offshore jurisdiction. The shelf break marks a distinct change in the slope of the sea floor from the flat continental shelf to the steep continental slope, which extends from approximately 130 metres down to a depth of 2,500 to 3,000 metres or more. The conti ...
... Zone (EEZ) – the limit of coastal state offshore jurisdiction. The shelf break marks a distinct change in the slope of the sea floor from the flat continental shelf to the steep continental slope, which extends from approximately 130 metres down to a depth of 2,500 to 3,000 metres or more. The conti ...
Fisheries Visioning Session - phillipschain.org
... In 2005 the Phillips Chain O’Lakes Association requested an over-winter drawdown to reduce the amount of Eurasian water milfoil (EWM) in the Chain. WDNR, working with lake association volunteers, found that EWM had declined substantially in all four lakes since 2002, so drawdown plans were placed on ...
... In 2005 the Phillips Chain O’Lakes Association requested an over-winter drawdown to reduce the amount of Eurasian water milfoil (EWM) in the Chain. WDNR, working with lake association volunteers, found that EWM had declined substantially in all four lakes since 2002, so drawdown plans were placed on ...
The controversy space on Quaternary megafaunal extinctions
... Controversy spaces are dynamic structures. The foci of discussion may change over time, a process called refocalization. This refocalization can occur for several reasons: a new actor may appear with a new hypothesis, a focus may become part of the common ground (as a result of agreements reached du ...
... Controversy spaces are dynamic structures. The foci of discussion may change over time, a process called refocalization. This refocalization can occur for several reasons: a new actor may appear with a new hypothesis, a focus may become part of the common ground (as a result of agreements reached du ...
Ron Heintz, NOAA Alaska Fisheries Science Center
... • Predation rates often exceed levels of natural mortality used in stock assessments • Predation can be a force in structuring population dynamics • Incorporation of predation rates in assessments alters the biological reference points used for management • Accounting for predation is key to develop ...
... • Predation rates often exceed levels of natural mortality used in stock assessments • Predation can be a force in structuring population dynamics • Incorporation of predation rates in assessments alters the biological reference points used for management • Accounting for predation is key to develop ...
Overexploitation
Overexploitation, also called overharvesting, refers to harvesting a renewable resource to the point of diminishing returns. Sustained overexploitation can lead to the destruction of the resource. The term applies to natural resources such as: wild medicinal plants, grazing pastures, game animals, fish stocks, forests, and water aquifers.In ecology, overexploitation describes one of the five main activities threatening global biodiversity. Ecologists use the term to describe populations that are harvested at a rate that is unsustainable, given their natural rates of mortality and capacities for reproduction. This can result in extinction at the population level and even extinction of whole species. In conservation biology the term is usually used in the context of human economic activity that involves the taking of biological resources, or organisms, in larger numbers than their populations can withstand. The term is also used and defined somewhat differently in fisheries, hydrology and natural resource management.Overexploitation can lead to resource destruction, including extinctions. However it is also possible for overexploitation to be sustainable, as discussed below in the section on fisheries. In the context of fishing, the term overfishing can be used instead of overexploitation, as can overgrazing in stock management, overlogging in forest management, overdrafting in aquifer management, and endangered species in species monitoring. Overexploitation is not an activity limited to humans. Introduced predators and herbivores, for example, can overexploit native flora and fauna.