Biomass production in experimental grasslands of different species
... (Hector et al., 1999; Hooper et al., 2005) and in natural communities (Gillman and Wright, 2006). Two widely debated mechanisms are thought to be involved in altering the community performance in response to changing species numbers (Hector et al., 2000; Huston et al., 2000). The first is complement ...
... (Hector et al., 1999; Hooper et al., 2005) and in natural communities (Gillman and Wright, 2006). Two widely debated mechanisms are thought to be involved in altering the community performance in response to changing species numbers (Hector et al., 2000; Huston et al., 2000). The first is complement ...
Summary - World Bank Group
... many regions, except Southeastern Europe, is offset by greater evaporation due to higher temperatures (map 2.4b). The most dramatic decreases are likely to occur in Southeastern Europe(–25%).EveninRussia,mostoftheprecipitationincreaseisexpectedtooccurinwinter ...
... many regions, except Southeastern Europe, is offset by greater evaporation due to higher temperatures (map 2.4b). The most dramatic decreases are likely to occur in Southeastern Europe(–25%).EveninRussia,mostoftheprecipitationincreaseisexpectedtooccurinwinter ...
Climate of the Past
... by more than 2 ◦ C in Arctic areas (IPCC, 2007) and in the past 100 years averaged Arctic temperatures have increased at almost twice the global average rate (IPCC, 2007). The observational evidence is generally consistent with climate model simulations that include increased greenhouse gas concentr ...
... by more than 2 ◦ C in Arctic areas (IPCC, 2007) and in the past 100 years averaged Arctic temperatures have increased at almost twice the global average rate (IPCC, 2007). The observational evidence is generally consistent with climate model simulations that include increased greenhouse gas concentr ...
Effects of Global Warming Lesson Plan
... Paul Ratner, an immunologist with the American College of Allergies. "It's definitely bad news for people who have allergies." Asthma and other respiratory ailments are already on the rise in much of the world. The World Health Organization estimates that 300 million people globally have asthma, wit ...
... Paul Ratner, an immunologist with the American College of Allergies. "It's definitely bad news for people who have allergies." Asthma and other respiratory ailments are already on the rise in much of the world. The World Health Organization estimates that 300 million people globally have asthma, wit ...
Warm climates of the past—a lesson for the future?
... from the ratio of oxygen isotopes (δ18 O) in deep-ocean-dwelling fossils from ocean sediments. By taking account of the component of change due to the slower varying ice sheets, they interpret the results as indicating a ‘fast feedback’ climate sensitivity of 4◦ C for a CO2 doubling. Using deepocean ...
... from the ratio of oxygen isotopes (δ18 O) in deep-ocean-dwelling fossils from ocean sediments. By taking account of the component of change due to the slower varying ice sheets, they interpret the results as indicating a ‘fast feedback’ climate sensitivity of 4◦ C for a CO2 doubling. Using deepocean ...
LNG FUEL CYCLE: IMPACTS Report Number PH3/5 January 1999
... case for most published studies of this type) almost entirely on sources from Europe and North America. It proved difficult to find organisations with the capacity to do the ‘benefits’ work envisaged. Only a limited number of groups are active in the global and regional assessment of climate change ...
... case for most published studies of this type) almost entirely on sources from Europe and North America. It proved difficult to find organisations with the capacity to do the ‘benefits’ work envisaged. Only a limited number of groups are active in the global and regional assessment of climate change ...
CCSP Observations: Overview and Critical Issues
... —How to interact with users & stakeholders and add regional value? • How to link disparate observations to integrated problem solutions? —A bewildering array of observations —The observations within this array differ in, e.g.: what is being measured how often the measurements are taken their c ...
... —How to interact with users & stakeholders and add regional value? • How to link disparate observations to integrated problem solutions? —A bewildering array of observations —The observations within this array differ in, e.g.: what is being measured how often the measurements are taken their c ...
Keith Brander
... others which are locally important or which we have not yet accounted for (e.g freshwater runoff, aeolian iron deposition). Another group of indices (not shown in the table) is used to represent climate modes on regional to global scales (e.g. the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), El Nino Southern Oscillat ...
... others which are locally important or which we have not yet accounted for (e.g freshwater runoff, aeolian iron deposition). Another group of indices (not shown in the table) is used to represent climate modes on regional to global scales (e.g. the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), El Nino Southern Oscillat ...
A DYNAMIC SIMULATION MODEL OF CARBON CIRCULATION
... Keywords: anthropogenic climate change, carbon circulation, methane feedback, permafrost melting 1. INTRODUCTION Of all the environmental issues that have emerged in the past few decades, global climate change is the most serious, and the most difficult to manage (Dessler and Parson, 2007). Althoug ...
... Keywords: anthropogenic climate change, carbon circulation, methane feedback, permafrost melting 1. INTRODUCTION Of all the environmental issues that have emerged in the past few decades, global climate change is the most serious, and the most difficult to manage (Dessler and Parson, 2007). Althoug ...
Impact of Climate Change on Irrigation Demand and Crop Growth in a Mediterranean Environment of Turkey
... particularly suited to quantify the combined effect of changes in CO2, temperature, rainfall and solar radiation on crop development and growth, and crop water use, as all the relevant processes are simulated separately while taking into account of their interactions. More detailed information on th ...
... particularly suited to quantify the combined effect of changes in CO2, temperature, rainfall and solar radiation on crop development and growth, and crop water use, as all the relevant processes are simulated separately while taking into account of their interactions. More detailed information on th ...
the inuit case study - Center for International Environmental Law
... cause of these alterations of weather conditions. Moreover, an acceleration of these climatic trends is projected to occur during this century, due to ongoing increases in concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The IPCC predicts a continuing reduction in the thickness and coverage of g ...
... cause of these alterations of weather conditions. Moreover, an acceleration of these climatic trends is projected to occur during this century, due to ongoing increases in concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The IPCC predicts a continuing reduction in the thickness and coverage of g ...
Arctic alpine vegetation change over 20 years
... of growth forms (e.g. evergreen and deciduous woody species) were not examined for variation in richness because of the low values for some groups. Proportional data were arcsine-square root transformed before analysis, and other data were log10 transformed. We used two-factor analysis of variance ( ...
... of growth forms (e.g. evergreen and deciduous woody species) were not examined for variation in richness because of the low values for some groups. Proportional data were arcsine-square root transformed before analysis, and other data were log10 transformed. We used two-factor analysis of variance ( ...
Modeling the Impact of Afforestation on Global Climate: A 2
... plantation in a GCM will be problematic given the inherent variability on multiple timescales that exists in most large models. Forests have complex non-linear interactions with the atmosphere and affect planetary energetics, the hydrological cycle, and atmospheric composition which can dampen or am ...
... plantation in a GCM will be problematic given the inherent variability on multiple timescales that exists in most large models. Forests have complex non-linear interactions with the atmosphere and affect planetary energetics, the hydrological cycle, and atmospheric composition which can dampen or am ...
Model - Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie
... observations of chemical compounds Solar variability, anthropogenic forcing, upper atmosphere response and climate change Development of a system to predict “chemical weather” Coupling of biogeochemical system with physical climate system ...
... observations of chemical compounds Solar variability, anthropogenic forcing, upper atmosphere response and climate change Development of a system to predict “chemical weather” Coupling of biogeochemical system with physical climate system ...
User-driven downscaling: advances in data apportioning and
... Selecting GCMs for Impact Studies • Ensemble mean provides better skill • Little advantage to weighting GCMs according to skill • Most important to have “ensembles of runs with enough realizations to reduce the effects of natural internal climate variability” [Pierce et al., 2009] • Maybe 10-14 GCM ...
... Selecting GCMs for Impact Studies • Ensemble mean provides better skill • Little advantage to weighting GCMs according to skill • Most important to have “ensembles of runs with enough realizations to reduce the effects of natural internal climate variability” [Pierce et al., 2009] • Maybe 10-14 GCM ...
UNFCCC COP21 Draft Concept Note Addressing Climate
... melting of ice caps and glaciers and reduced snow cover; and increases in ocean temperatures and ocean acidity – due to seawater absorbing heat and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. As a result of global warming, incidences of extreme events such as tropical cyclones, floods, droughts and heavy pr ...
... melting of ice caps and glaciers and reduced snow cover; and increases in ocean temperatures and ocean acidity – due to seawater absorbing heat and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. As a result of global warming, incidences of extreme events such as tropical cyclones, floods, droughts and heavy pr ...
The Effect of Potential Future Climate Change on the Marine
... effect of climate change on the actual hydrate inventory, a first-order estimate of the volume of hydrate present within the GHSZ is made using a sediment porosity profile that decreases exponentially from 60% to an e-folding depth of 1.5 km (Davis and Hyndman 1990). Hydrate is assumed to fill 5% of ...
... effect of climate change on the actual hydrate inventory, a first-order estimate of the volume of hydrate present within the GHSZ is made using a sediment porosity profile that decreases exponentially from 60% to an e-folding depth of 1.5 km (Davis and Hyndman 1990). Hydrate is assumed to fill 5% of ...
Cenozoic Cooling Research Paper
... its geological history. Using stratigraphic columns and other geological tools to identify epochs within those periods, scientists have identified some causes of these global changes. Strictly identifying these fluctuations through the Cenozoic Era, we date back to 66 million years ago, right before ...
... its geological history. Using stratigraphic columns and other geological tools to identify epochs within those periods, scientists have identified some causes of these global changes. Strictly identifying these fluctuations through the Cenozoic Era, we date back to 66 million years ago, right before ...
Explaining the Implications of Climate Change and Farmers` Risk
... Odjugo and Ikhuoria (2003) observed that Nigeria north of 12oN is under severe threat of desert encroachment and sand dunes are now common features of desertification in states like Yobe, Borno, Sokoto, Jigawa and Katsina. The migrating sand dunes have buried large expanse of arable lands, thus redu ...
... Odjugo and Ikhuoria (2003) observed that Nigeria north of 12oN is under severe threat of desert encroachment and sand dunes are now common features of desertification in states like Yobe, Borno, Sokoto, Jigawa and Katsina. The migrating sand dunes have buried large expanse of arable lands, thus redu ...
Understanding Climate Induced Changes in Arctic Ice
... region would be correlated to the changing sea ice extent since that is one of the areas close to the most substantial losses in September sea ice. As shown in the graph below, the ice extent decreased by approximately 2 million km2 over the period for which we have data (1994-2008). The rate of los ...
... region would be correlated to the changing sea ice extent since that is one of the areas close to the most substantial losses in September sea ice. As shown in the graph below, the ice extent decreased by approximately 2 million km2 over the period for which we have data (1994-2008). The rate of los ...
- EdShare - University of Southampton
... related to the longer timescale, larger spatial scale properties of the atmosphere... For example, the Arctic Oscillation (AO) ...
... related to the longer timescale, larger spatial scale properties of the atmosphere... For example, the Arctic Oscillation (AO) ...
Chapter 6 - UCLA: Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences
... a = aT = 4.0 DTs = 1.1 K • global average warming increases substantially when positive feedbacks are included • but these feedbacks include complex parts of climate system different models give a range of values! *Note: positive feedbacks tend to amplify. But have a negative contribution to a ...
... a = aT = 4.0 DTs = 1.1 K • global average warming increases substantially when positive feedbacks are included • but these feedbacks include complex parts of climate system different models give a range of values! *Note: positive feedbacks tend to amplify. But have a negative contribution to a ...
Climate Change in the Pacific | Volume 1: Regional Overview
... of the past and projection of the future climate. The new set of global model projections from CMIP5 and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (due 2014) will provide new information about past and future climate, with a wider range of emissions scenarios and i ...
... of the past and projection of the future climate. The new set of global model projections from CMIP5 and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (due 2014) will provide new information about past and future climate, with a wider range of emissions scenarios and i ...
Evidence for a Rapid Global Climate Shift across the Late 1960s
... appear to be new, but their combined extent is global and dynamical linkages between them are evident. The list of affected variables includes patterns of SST; tropical rainfall in the African Sahel and Sudan, the Amazon basin, and northeast Brazil; pressure and SST in the tropical North Atlantic an ...
... appear to be new, but their combined extent is global and dynamical linkages between them are evident. The list of affected variables includes patterns of SST; tropical rainfall in the African Sahel and Sudan, the Amazon basin, and northeast Brazil; pressure and SST in the tropical North Atlantic an ...
B C ACKGROUNDER
... limited its own carbon emissions.26 Given the magnitude of the threat, Congress must exercise American leadership before December. The final step is to move America to a fundamentally new energy posture. Between the threat of climate change and the imperative to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels ...
... limited its own carbon emissions.26 Given the magnitude of the threat, Congress must exercise American leadership before December. The final step is to move America to a fundamentally new energy posture. Between the threat of climate change and the imperative to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels ...
Instrumental temperature record
The instrumental temperature record shows fluctuations of the temperature of earth's climate system. Initially the instrumental temperature record only documented land and sea surface temperature, but in recent decades instruments have also begun recording ocean temperature. Data is collected from thousands of meteorological stations around the globe and through satellite observations. The longest-running temperature record is the Central England temperature data series, that starts in 1659. The longest-running quasi-global record starts in 1850.