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... more realistic assumptions can be made. However, this requires one to increase the number of parameters that have to be estimated and makes the calibration issue more complicated and less robustness of results can be expected. So an acceptable level of uncertainty can be found when a number of reaso ...
... more realistic assumptions can be made. However, this requires one to increase the number of parameters that have to be estimated and makes the calibration issue more complicated and less robustness of results can be expected. So an acceptable level of uncertainty can be found when a number of reaso ...
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... reducing poverty and food insecurity in arid and semi-arid regions of developing countries. Conversely, agriculture is a major contributor to climate variability and change by emitting greenhouse gases and reducing the agroecology’s potential for carbon sequestration. What however, is the empirical ...
... reducing poverty and food insecurity in arid and semi-arid regions of developing countries. Conversely, agriculture is a major contributor to climate variability and change by emitting greenhouse gases and reducing the agroecology’s potential for carbon sequestration. What however, is the empirical ...
Effects of global warming on arctic sea-floor
... Global warming trends have been amplified in the Arctic region relative to the global mean, with dramatic changes observed in the last several decades (see Overpeck et al. 1997; Johannessen et al. 2004; Hassol 2004). The average annual air temperature has increased by 1-4ºC in the last half century, ...
... Global warming trends have been amplified in the Arctic region relative to the global mean, with dramatic changes observed in the last several decades (see Overpeck et al. 1997; Johannessen et al. 2004; Hassol 2004). The average annual air temperature has increased by 1-4ºC in the last half century, ...
The science of climate change in Africa: impacts and
... Figure 5. The alternation of La Niña (blue) and El Niño (red) events. (The Multivariate ENSO Index is based on six variables measured across the Pacific).13 La Niña is an extreme version of the ‘normal’ condition with very cold water, strong high pressure and very dry conditions in the eastern Pacif ...
... Figure 5. The alternation of La Niña (blue) and El Niño (red) events. (The Multivariate ENSO Index is based on six variables measured across the Pacific).13 La Niña is an extreme version of the ‘normal’ condition with very cold water, strong high pressure and very dry conditions in the eastern Pacif ...
Potential Impacts of Changes in Climate on Water Quality in New
... This thesis investigates an approach for determining water resources vulnerability caused by climate change and applies it to a case-study for the New York City Water Supply System (NYCWSS). The results provide potential responses of the system to changes in climate and guidance that can inform shor ...
... This thesis investigates an approach for determining water resources vulnerability caused by climate change and applies it to a case-study for the New York City Water Supply System (NYCWSS). The results provide potential responses of the system to changes in climate and guidance that can inform shor ...
Modelling Vegetation and the Carbon Cycle as Interactive Elements
... dioxide are being absorbed by the ocean and by land ecosystems (Schimel et al (1996)). In both cases the processes involved are sensitive to the climatic conditions. Temperature a ects the solubility of carbon dioxide in sea-water and the rate of terrestrial and oceanic biological processes. In addi ...
... dioxide are being absorbed by the ocean and by land ecosystems (Schimel et al (1996)). In both cases the processes involved are sensitive to the climatic conditions. Temperature a ects the solubility of carbon dioxide in sea-water and the rate of terrestrial and oceanic biological processes. In addi ...
Eco-physiological adaptations that favour freshwater cyanobacteria
... stratification, nutrient loading, and hydrology Over the past century, global mean surface air temperatures have increased by 0.74 0.18 C (Trenberth et al., 2007). This warming trend is expected to continue, with higher latitudes warming more than lower latitudes (Solomon et al., 2007). Warming ...
... stratification, nutrient loading, and hydrology Over the past century, global mean surface air temperatures have increased by 0.74 0.18 C (Trenberth et al., 2007). This warming trend is expected to continue, with higher latitudes warming more than lower latitudes (Solomon et al., 2007). Warming ...
- The University of Liverpool Repository
... includes Beijing; the “Hot Summer Mild Winter” region in the south, which includes Guangzhou, and two regions from the “Hot Summer Cold Winter”, which includes cities such as Shanghai and Nanjing. Using data from the climate model, HadCM3, Test Reference Years are generated for the 2020s, 2050s and ...
... includes Beijing; the “Hot Summer Mild Winter” region in the south, which includes Guangzhou, and two regions from the “Hot Summer Cold Winter”, which includes cities such as Shanghai and Nanjing. Using data from the climate model, HadCM3, Test Reference Years are generated for the 2020s, 2050s and ...
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... variables were excluded on the grounds either that prices did not vary in their single-year cross-section for specific commodities or that transport-related differentials would continue in the future, and that technology was “equally” accessible to all farmers in the United States; obviously this pr ...
... variables were excluded on the grounds either that prices did not vary in their single-year cross-section for specific commodities or that transport-related differentials would continue in the future, and that technology was “equally” accessible to all farmers in the United States; obviously this pr ...
Evaluating the climate and air quality impacts of short
... secondary aerosols in our definition of SLCPs. We also include CH4 in our study even though it is included in the Kyoto Protocol, because of its relatively short lifetime compared to that of CO2 and its importance for air quality via the formation of O3 . We do not include HFCs in our definition of ...
... secondary aerosols in our definition of SLCPs. We also include CH4 in our study even though it is included in the Kyoto Protocol, because of its relatively short lifetime compared to that of CO2 and its importance for air quality via the formation of O3 . We do not include HFCs in our definition of ...
Appendix 3: Climate Science Supplement
... This appendix provides further information and discussion on climate science beyond that presented in Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate. Like the chapter, the appendix focuses on the observations, model simulations, and other analyses that explain what is happening to climate at the national and global sc ...
... This appendix provides further information and discussion on climate science beyond that presented in Ch. 2: Our Changing Climate. Like the chapter, the appendix focuses on the observations, model simulations, and other analyses that explain what is happening to climate at the national and global sc ...
THE DESTRUCTION OF THE CITY OF AKKAD BY A COSMIC
... swallowed my possessions [...] like a flood storm it Another City Lament for the town of Eridu [14, completely destroyed the city”. The storm was over, lines 8-‐‑10] reports: “The roaring storm [...] covered the following day, wit ...
... swallowed my possessions [...] like a flood storm it Another City Lament for the town of Eridu [14, completely destroyed the city”. The storm was over, lines 8-‐‑10] reports: “The roaring storm [...] covered the following day, wit ...
Opportunities and risks of climate change
... subject to change. The global warming hypothesis is based not on statistical climatic observations, but on scientifically based assumptions concerning the causeand-effect relations between greenhouse gases and the earth’s thermal balance. Nevertheless, it is not known exactly how climate changes. In ...
... subject to change. The global warming hypothesis is based not on statistical climatic observations, but on scientifically based assumptions concerning the causeand-effect relations between greenhouse gases and the earth’s thermal balance. Nevertheless, it is not known exactly how climate changes. In ...
The Role of CCS as a Mitigation Option within the IPCC
... Prospective areas in sedimentary basins where suitable saline formations, oil or gas fields, or coal beds may be found. Locations for storage in coal beds are only partly included. Prospectivity is a qualitative assessment of the likelihood that a suitable storage location is present in a given area ...
... Prospective areas in sedimentary basins where suitable saline formations, oil or gas fields, or coal beds may be found. Locations for storage in coal beds are only partly included. Prospectivity is a qualitative assessment of the likelihood that a suitable storage location is present in a given area ...
What`s In A Name? Global Warming vs. Climate Change
... These diverse results strongly suggest that global warming and climate change are used differently and mean different things in the minds of many Americans. Scientists often prefer the term climate change for technical reasons, but should be aware that the two terms generate different interpretation ...
... These diverse results strongly suggest that global warming and climate change are used differently and mean different things in the minds of many Americans. Scientists often prefer the term climate change for technical reasons, but should be aware that the two terms generate different interpretation ...
Adaptation and Mitigation Reponses to Climate Change
... assessing their perceptions and beliefs about climate change and their behavioral intentions to reduce their personal energy use (a mitigation action, as it will reduce greenhouse gas emissions). Some of the individuals (about 20 percent) had experienced recent flooding in their local area, while ot ...
... assessing their perceptions and beliefs about climate change and their behavioral intentions to reduce their personal energy use (a mitigation action, as it will reduce greenhouse gas emissions). Some of the individuals (about 20 percent) had experienced recent flooding in their local area, while ot ...
Climate change impacts on global agriculture | SpringerLink
... Abstract Based on predicted changes in the magnitude and distribution of global precipitation, temperature and river flow under the IPCC SRES A1B and A2 scenarios, this study assesses the potential impacts of climate change and CO2 fertilization on global agriculture. The analysis uses the new versi ...
... Abstract Based on predicted changes in the magnitude and distribution of global precipitation, temperature and river flow under the IPCC SRES A1B and A2 scenarios, this study assesses the potential impacts of climate change and CO2 fertilization on global agriculture. The analysis uses the new versi ...
Climate change and the oceans: legal and policy
... causes a rise in sea levels. Even discounting the effects of glacial and ice sheet melting, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has projected a global average rise in sea levels of 30–40 cm by the end of the century (IPCC 2007). It has also forecasted that a changing climate, includ ...
... causes a rise in sea levels. Even discounting the effects of glacial and ice sheet melting, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has projected a global average rise in sea levels of 30–40 cm by the end of the century (IPCC 2007). It has also forecasted that a changing climate, includ ...
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... An ENSO Survey: Precursors, Present Conditions, and Potential Impacts Dr. Michael Alexander, NOAA/ESRL The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a key component of the climate system that fluctuates on time scales of 2-7 years. During El Niño events anomalously warm water extends across much of the ...
... An ENSO Survey: Precursors, Present Conditions, and Potential Impacts Dr. Michael Alexander, NOAA/ESRL The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a key component of the climate system that fluctuates on time scales of 2-7 years. During El Niño events anomalously warm water extends across much of the ...
Climate Change Quarterly: Fall 2016
... States. We analyzed spatially detailed data on extreme weather frequencies during the historical period (1950–2005) and under different scenarios of future climate change by mid- and late-21st century. We found that all wildlife refuges will likely experience substantial changes in the frequencies o ...
... States. We analyzed spatially detailed data on extreme weather frequencies during the historical period (1950–2005) and under different scenarios of future climate change by mid- and late-21st century. We found that all wildlife refuges will likely experience substantial changes in the frequencies o ...
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... Rosenthal 2003). Analysis of our climate data for the U.S. indicates that average temperature has risen by roughly 0.04◦C per decade, and total precipitation has increased by roughly 11.5mm per decade over the period 1910-2011 (Figure 1). As noted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change (IP ...
... Rosenthal 2003). Analysis of our climate data for the U.S. indicates that average temperature has risen by roughly 0.04◦C per decade, and total precipitation has increased by roughly 11.5mm per decade over the period 1910-2011 (Figure 1). As noted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change (IP ...
Climate Risk Management - Integrated Drought Management
... and solutions by linking scientific data, institutional analysis and participatory approaches. In response to a need among sectoral and development agencies to ...
... and solutions by linking scientific data, institutional analysis and participatory approaches. In response to a need among sectoral and development agencies to ...
Who should pay for climate? The effect of burden-sharing mechanisms on abatement policies and technological transfers: Working Paper 96 (997 kB) (opens in new window)
... that there exist no universal criteria to evaluate the “fairness” of a proposal and different beliefs on equity can be an extremely powerful source of conflict. A further element of complication is given by the fact that three related but distinct levels of analysis exist, each focusing upon: (a) th ...
... that there exist no universal criteria to evaluate the “fairness” of a proposal and different beliefs on equity can be an extremely powerful source of conflict. A further element of complication is given by the fact that three related but distinct levels of analysis exist, each focusing upon: (a) th ...
Impact of ocean warming and ocean acidification on marin
... Development can fail at any stage, and determination of the comparative sensitivities of planktonic (e.g., gametes, fertilization, embryos, larvae) and benthic (juveniles, adults) life stages to climate change stressors is needed to identify vulnerabilities. Successful recruitment and persistence of ...
... Development can fail at any stage, and determination of the comparative sensitivities of planktonic (e.g., gametes, fertilization, embryos, larvae) and benthic (juveniles, adults) life stages to climate change stressors is needed to identify vulnerabilities. Successful recruitment and persistence of ...
Instrumental temperature record
The instrumental temperature record shows fluctuations of the temperature of earth's climate system. Initially the instrumental temperature record only documented land and sea surface temperature, but in recent decades instruments have also begun recording ocean temperature. Data is collected from thousands of meteorological stations around the globe and through satellite observations. The longest-running temperature record is the Central England temperature data series, that starts in 1659. The longest-running quasi-global record starts in 1850.