Global late Quaternary megafauna extinctions linked to humans, not
... have been hypothesized to have been more severe where modern humans were the first hominin to arrive, suddenly introducing a new and effective big-game predator into regions with megafauna naive to human hunting [27]. Conversely, extinctions have been posited to have been less severe in Africa becau ...
... have been hypothesized to have been more severe where modern humans were the first hominin to arrive, suddenly introducing a new and effective big-game predator into regions with megafauna naive to human hunting [27]. Conversely, extinctions have been posited to have been less severe in Africa becau ...
Impact of climate change on waterborne diseases
... tropical regions, and in winter in the northern mid-latitudes. Heavy rainfalls associated with tropical cyclones are likely to increase with continued warming induced by enhanced greenhouse gas concentrations. There is high confidence that locations currently experiencing adverse impacts such as coa ...
... tropical regions, and in winter in the northern mid-latitudes. Heavy rainfalls associated with tropical cyclones are likely to increase with continued warming induced by enhanced greenhouse gas concentrations. There is high confidence that locations currently experiencing adverse impacts such as coa ...
Responses of terrestrial ecosystems to temperature and
... and suggests that the sensitivity of respiration to warming will eventually surpass that of ecosystem photosynthesis. This is consistent with projections of most global biogeochemical models that continued warming will cause declines in net C uptake by around midcentury (Cao & Woodward, 1998; Cox et ...
... and suggests that the sensitivity of respiration to warming will eventually surpass that of ecosystem photosynthesis. This is consistent with projections of most global biogeochemical models that continued warming will cause declines in net C uptake by around midcentury (Cao & Woodward, 1998; Cox et ...
A 250 ka oxygen isotope record from diatoms at Lake El`gygytgyn
... (Shemesh et al., 2001; Leng and Marshall, 2004). This is similar for δ 18 O records from marine biogenic silica in regions of the ocean floor void of carbonate (Shemesh et al., 1992). By taking potential controls and effects into account, the analysis of oxygen isotopes in lacustrine biogenic silica ...
... (Shemesh et al., 2001; Leng and Marshall, 2004). This is similar for δ 18 O records from marine biogenic silica in regions of the ocean floor void of carbonate (Shemesh et al., 1992). By taking potential controls and effects into account, the analysis of oxygen isotopes in lacustrine biogenic silica ...
The social construct of climate and climate change
... ment of risks is influenced by social and cultural factors. The first view tends to focus on the manufacture (by experts) of conjectures, stressing their objective, undeniable consequences, while the second approach chooses to emphasize the reception (by laymen) of such hypotheses in different socia ...
... ment of risks is influenced by social and cultural factors. The first view tends to focus on the manufacture (by experts) of conjectures, stressing their objective, undeniable consequences, while the second approach chooses to emphasize the reception (by laymen) of such hypotheses in different socia ...
Predicting range expansion of the map butterfly in Northern Europe
... expanded its range during the twentieth century, especially during recent decades where both westward and northward expansions have been recorded (Parmesan 2005). In Finland, the map butterfly was observed for the first time in 1973 and a rapid northward expansion has been occurring since the 1980s. ...
... expanded its range during the twentieth century, especially during recent decades where both westward and northward expansions have been recorded (Parmesan 2005). In Finland, the map butterfly was observed for the first time in 1973 and a rapid northward expansion has been occurring since the 1980s. ...
Impacts of Climate Change for the State of Indiana
... As highlighted in other parts of this report, the distribution of precipitation across the year is expected to shift, leading to wetter winters and dryer summers. In addition, the inability of rainfall to compensate for increased heat may lead to more drying. This is likely to be most pronounced in ...
... As highlighted in other parts of this report, the distribution of precipitation across the year is expected to shift, leading to wetter winters and dryer summers. In addition, the inability of rainfall to compensate for increased heat may lead to more drying. This is likely to be most pronounced in ...
New Methods to Assess Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation for
... Oregon State University Seminar presented at the UK Department for International Development, London, May 10 2012. http://tradeoffs.oregonstate.edu ...
... Oregon State University Seminar presented at the UK Department for International Development, London, May 10 2012. http://tradeoffs.oregonstate.edu ...
Arctic Climate System Study (ACSYS)/ Climate and Cryosphere
... • Enhance the observation & monitoring of the cryosphere in support of process studies, model evaluation and change detection • Improve understanding of the physical processes and feedbacks through which the cryosphere interacts within the climate system • Improve the representation of cryospheric p ...
... • Enhance the observation & monitoring of the cryosphere in support of process studies, model evaluation and change detection • Improve understanding of the physical processes and feedbacks through which the cryosphere interacts within the climate system • Improve the representation of cryospheric p ...
Chhatra Bahadur Khadka Tribhuvan University
... household survey with semi-structured questionnaires, interview with key informants, group discussion, formal and informal discussion with random sampling method. Thirty years Meteorological data (Rainfall and temperature) was collected to study the rainfall and temperature pattern and different pub ...
... household survey with semi-structured questionnaires, interview with key informants, group discussion, formal and informal discussion with random sampling method. Thirty years Meteorological data (Rainfall and temperature) was collected to study the rainfall and temperature pattern and different pub ...
Bird Conservation International Endemic birds of the Fynbos biome
... South Africa (New et al. 2006), range decreases should already be evident for species given long enough datasets. We compared presence and reporting rates for SABAP1 and SABAP2 at the quarter degree grid cell (QDGC) level, as SABAP1 was conducted at this scale. Data for these projects consist of lis ...
... South Africa (New et al. 2006), range decreases should already be evident for species given long enough datasets. We compared presence and reporting rates for SABAP1 and SABAP2 at the quarter degree grid cell (QDGC) level, as SABAP1 was conducted at this scale. Data for these projects consist of lis ...
Increasing impacts of climate change upon ecosystems with
... studies that contained insufficient detail about the climate scenario used, or that did not provide quantitative estimates of the resultant ecosystem or species changes, could not be included in the analysis. In particular, studies which reported only the general direction of trends in response to c ...
... studies that contained insufficient detail about the climate scenario used, or that did not provide quantitative estimates of the resultant ecosystem or species changes, could not be included in the analysis. In particular, studies which reported only the general direction of trends in response to c ...
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... research also on the determinants of poverty, there is a gap in research relating the two (Hertel and Rosch, 2010). This paper aims to contribute to filling this gap, by exploring the main sources of uncertainty in establishing the linkage between climate change, agricultural impacts of such change, ...
... research also on the determinants of poverty, there is a gap in research relating the two (Hertel and Rosch, 2010). This paper aims to contribute to filling this gap, by exploring the main sources of uncertainty in establishing the linkage between climate change, agricultural impacts of such change, ...
Tropospheric adjustment induces a cloud component in
... both FLC and FSC are significantly different from zero at the 5% level; FLC < 0 and FSC > 0. As these terms have similar sizes, the net F = 3.3 ± 0.2 W m−2 is not very different from the clear-sky forcing. The partition of F into longwave FL = 2.52 ± 0.16 W m−2 and shortwave FS = 0.78 ± 0.10 W m−2 i ...
... both FLC and FSC are significantly different from zero at the 5% level; FLC < 0 and FSC > 0. As these terms have similar sizes, the net F = 3.3 ± 0.2 W m−2 is not very different from the clear-sky forcing. The partition of F into longwave FL = 2.52 ± 0.16 W m−2 and shortwave FS = 0.78 ± 0.10 W m−2 i ...
The Paris Agreement global goals: What does a fair share for G20
... soon after mid-century. On the other hand, some emissions scenarios rise steadily and reflect businessas-usual trajectories in the absence of any climate policy. The temperature likelihood response to 524 of these 846 scenariosvii was projected using the simple carbon cycle and climate model MAGICC6 ...
... soon after mid-century. On the other hand, some emissions scenarios rise steadily and reflect businessas-usual trajectories in the absence of any climate policy. The temperature likelihood response to 524 of these 846 scenariosvii was projected using the simple carbon cycle and climate model MAGICC6 ...
Time to Evolve? Potential Evolutionary Responses of Fraser River
... One potential way for salmon in the Fraser River to avoid suboptimal temperatures or flows is to shift their migration timing. Adult upriver migration timing is thought to be strongly heritable and evolutionarily labile in this species [28,29], although variation within and across populations is to ...
... One potential way for salmon in the Fraser River to avoid suboptimal temperatures or flows is to shift their migration timing. Adult upriver migration timing is thought to be strongly heritable and evolutionarily labile in this species [28,29], although variation within and across populations is to ...
Tutorial: Microsoft Office Excel Basics
... similar set of numbers would have a small standard deviation, whereas a very diverse set of numbers would have a large standard deviation. To highlight how important the standard deviation is, statistics are often reported as the average and the standard deviation. While the technical definition of ...
... similar set of numbers would have a small standard deviation, whereas a very diverse set of numbers would have a large standard deviation. To highlight how important the standard deviation is, statistics are often reported as the average and the standard deviation. While the technical definition of ...
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... acreage reports, reliable profit data are scarce and suffer from measurement errors. As noted by Deschênes and Greenstone (2007), the use of land value as a proxy for profit can result in biased estimates due to omitted variables. Moreover, farmland value does not accurately reflect long-term profit ...
... acreage reports, reliable profit data are scarce and suffer from measurement errors. As noted by Deschênes and Greenstone (2007), the use of land value as a proxy for profit can result in biased estimates due to omitted variables. Moreover, farmland value does not accurately reflect long-term profit ...
Uncertainty in climate change projections: the role of internal
... component; note that the version of CCSM3 used in the CMIP3 archive was at T85 resolution). Each ensemble member undergoes the same external forcing, the main components of which are the A1B GHG scenario in which CO2 concentrations increase from approximately 380 ppm in 2000 to approximately 570 ppm ...
... component; note that the version of CCSM3 used in the CMIP3 archive was at T85 resolution). Each ensemble member undergoes the same external forcing, the main components of which are the A1B GHG scenario in which CO2 concentrations increase from approximately 380 ppm in 2000 to approximately 570 ppm ...
Towards threshold-based management of freshwater ecosystems in
... approach. Ecosystem services can be linearly dependent, nonlinearly dependent, or independent of the climate control variables. When a shift in a climate control variable causes a substantial depletion in a dependent ecosystem service, a “threshold”, point F1, may be crossed, after which the drop in ...
... approach. Ecosystem services can be linearly dependent, nonlinearly dependent, or independent of the climate control variables. When a shift in a climate control variable causes a substantial depletion in a dependent ecosystem service, a “threshold”, point F1, may be crossed, after which the drop in ...
Performance Benchmark E
... Geochemists attempt to estimate how long the various gases will remain in the atmosphere as they cycle in and out of other parts of the environment. The concept of “residence time” has been developed to address these studies. Residence time, by definition, is: the average length of time a substance ...
... Geochemists attempt to estimate how long the various gases will remain in the atmosphere as they cycle in and out of other parts of the environment. The concept of “residence time” has been developed to address these studies. Residence time, by definition, is: the average length of time a substance ...
Studies on Climate and the Glacial System, Mt
... isotopic composition of precipitation and air temperature/precipitation amount in this region, with lower δ18O values when the amount of precipitation and air temperature in summer is higher, due to the influence of intense summer monsoons in the study area. There are marked differences of the δ18O ...
... isotopic composition of precipitation and air temperature/precipitation amount in this region, with lower δ18O values when the amount of precipitation and air temperature in summer is higher, due to the influence of intense summer monsoons in the study area. There are marked differences of the δ18O ...
Disciplines, Geography, and Gender in the Framing of Climate
... frames should be allowed to gain legitimacy, opening the way to multiple solutions even though with their inherent complexity they may initially be unappealing. AN EPISTEMOLOGICAL HIERARCHY. There is emerging recognition that different institutions promote certain types of climate change knowledge p ...
... frames should be allowed to gain legitimacy, opening the way to multiple solutions even though with their inherent complexity they may initially be unappealing. AN EPISTEMOLOGICAL HIERARCHY. There is emerging recognition that different institutions promote certain types of climate change knowledge p ...
cc-impact-by-State_FWS
... breakup, shrub encroachment into peat lands, and a change in wildfire patterns — all as a result of climate change. Researchers are also unsure if other climate change impacts — including erosion, flooding, salinization, melting permafrost, and sea level rise — could degrade nesting habitat and broo ...
... breakup, shrub encroachment into peat lands, and a change in wildfire patterns — all as a result of climate change. Researchers are also unsure if other climate change impacts — including erosion, flooding, salinization, melting permafrost, and sea level rise — could degrade nesting habitat and broo ...
Instrumental temperature record
The instrumental temperature record shows fluctuations of the temperature of earth's climate system. Initially the instrumental temperature record only documented land and sea surface temperature, but in recent decades instruments have also begun recording ocean temperature. Data is collected from thousands of meteorological stations around the globe and through satellite observations. The longest-running temperature record is the Central England temperature data series, that starts in 1659. The longest-running quasi-global record starts in 1850.