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... radiative forcing f. It appears in equation (1) above as a thermodynamic proxy for the thermodynamic state of the Earth system. As such, it must be tightly coupled to that thermodynamic state. Specifically, changes in T must be proportional to changes in the radiation emitted at the top of the atmos ...
... radiative forcing f. It appears in equation (1) above as a thermodynamic proxy for the thermodynamic state of the Earth system. As such, it must be tightly coupled to that thermodynamic state. Specifically, changes in T must be proportional to changes in the radiation emitted at the top of the atmos ...
Governing the future under climate change: contested visions of
... and improvement positions. They reflect increasingly ambitious goals with respect to how much change adaptation should try to achieve and, therefore, reflect different perceptions of human agency and the relationship between the present and future. The first, the “partial ...
... and improvement positions. They reflect increasingly ambitious goals with respect to how much change adaptation should try to achieve and, therefore, reflect different perceptions of human agency and the relationship between the present and future. The first, the “partial ...
climate change and the protection of guatemalan marine
... Also, part of the MARN mandate is to generate all the public policies related to the basin hydrographic, coastal zones, oceans and marine resources, therefore in 2008 the Ministry also elaborated the National Policy for the Integrated Management of Marine Coastal Zones which was approved by the Pres ...
... Also, part of the MARN mandate is to generate all the public policies related to the basin hydrographic, coastal zones, oceans and marine resources, therefore in 2008 the Ministry also elaborated the National Policy for the Integrated Management of Marine Coastal Zones which was approved by the Pres ...
Climate Change in Levelock, Alaska
... or as a result of human activity (IPCC, 2008). Alaska is experiencing a wide range of impacts from climate change and communities seek adaptive strategies that encourage wellness and sustainability. This report documents climate change impacts as described by community residents and climate change e ...
... or as a result of human activity (IPCC, 2008). Alaska is experiencing a wide range of impacts from climate change and communities seek adaptive strategies that encourage wellness and sustainability. This report documents climate change impacts as described by community residents and climate change e ...
Semiarid watershed response in central New Mexico and its
... Kim, 2005; Seager et al., 2007; Diffenbaugh et al., 2005, 2008). Using results from 15 global climate change simulations, Wang (2005) showed that the Southwest US will experience lower regional precipitation and soil moisture during winter and summer. Similarly, Seager et al. (2007) noted the projec ...
... Kim, 2005; Seager et al., 2007; Diffenbaugh et al., 2005, 2008). Using results from 15 global climate change simulations, Wang (2005) showed that the Southwest US will experience lower regional precipitation and soil moisture during winter and summer. Similarly, Seager et al. (2007) noted the projec ...
Ozone: Past, Present and Future
... mean ozone is projected to be higher than 1960 levels. This results from greenhouse gas induced cooling of the upper stratosphere which slows gas phase ozone destruction chemistry. However, the same increase in greenhouse gases induces changes in stratospheric transport. In the tropics this decrease ...
... mean ozone is projected to be higher than 1960 levels. This results from greenhouse gas induced cooling of the upper stratosphere which slows gas phase ozone destruction chemistry. However, the same increase in greenhouse gases induces changes in stratospheric transport. In the tropics this decrease ...
Divest DU Report - University of Denver
... Climate change is real, it is anthropogenically driven, and it poses an existential threat to the future of humanity. Deserts are growing while the world’s ice caps are melting. Our oceans are acidifying, and we can see the pollution hanging over our greatest cities. Record-breaking heat, droughts, ...
... Climate change is real, it is anthropogenically driven, and it poses an existential threat to the future of humanity. Deserts are growing while the world’s ice caps are melting. Our oceans are acidifying, and we can see the pollution hanging over our greatest cities. Record-breaking heat, droughts, ...
Coffee and Climate Change
... for Vietnam, mainly due to the projected increases in August, September, October rainfall (-1 to +33% by 2090s). But the additional amount of rainfall will partially be offset by projected decrease in dry season FMA (-62 to +23%). However, the proportion of the total rainfall that falls in heavy eve ...
... for Vietnam, mainly due to the projected increases in August, September, October rainfall (-1 to +33% by 2090s). But the additional amount of rainfall will partially be offset by projected decrease in dry season FMA (-62 to +23%). However, the proportion of the total rainfall that falls in heavy eve ...
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF CLIMATE BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS
... discount rate of 1% is assumed, estimated losses are much greater, ranging from $775.6$1,241.0 mn. Factoring in projected climate change impacts, the net value of the coastal and marine sector suggests that the costs of climate change significantly reduce the value of the sector, particularly under ...
... discount rate of 1% is assumed, estimated losses are much greater, ranging from $775.6$1,241.0 mn. Factoring in projected climate change impacts, the net value of the coastal and marine sector suggests that the costs of climate change significantly reduce the value of the sector, particularly under ...
Jessica Ayers - Initiative on Climate Adaptation Research and
... interests, so what would be the result of the participation process?”28 An expertdriven, impacts-based perspective on adaptation actually makes inclusiveness problematic because it “run[s] a high risk of encountering elements of local opposition, especially under conditions of scientific uncertainty ...
... interests, so what would be the result of the participation process?”28 An expertdriven, impacts-based perspective on adaptation actually makes inclusiveness problematic because it “run[s] a high risk of encountering elements of local opposition, especially under conditions of scientific uncertainty ...
ASSESSING THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON
... calibrated SWAT model for the two scenarios. The trend analysis was done by Mann-Kendall test and its magnitude was estimated using the Theil-Sen approach. Change analysis of the projected climate and simulated flow was determined against a baseline period of 1980-2004 (for climate) and 1986-2015 (f ...
... calibrated SWAT model for the two scenarios. The trend analysis was done by Mann-Kendall test and its magnitude was estimated using the Theil-Sen approach. Change analysis of the projected climate and simulated flow was determined against a baseline period of 1980-2004 (for climate) and 1986-2015 (f ...
Climate Change and Food Systems
... of the supply chain, notably the seed supply sector (16), and increasingly the retail sector. Supermarkets’ share in retail food markets increased from 5%–10% in 1990 to 50%–60% in South America and South Africa, and to 20%– 50% in Mexico, Central America, and Southeast Asia by 2007 (17). Well-funct ...
... of the supply chain, notably the seed supply sector (16), and increasingly the retail sector. Supermarkets’ share in retail food markets increased from 5%–10% in 1990 to 50%–60% in South America and South Africa, and to 20%– 50% in Mexico, Central America, and Southeast Asia by 2007 (17). Well-funct ...
PDF
... challenges ever to face the international community. In spite of a small number of dissenting views, which frequently attract media attention, there is a robust scientific consensus that climate change represents an extraordinarily serious environmental threat and that human economic activity is sig ...
... challenges ever to face the international community. In spite of a small number of dissenting views, which frequently attract media attention, there is a robust scientific consensus that climate change represents an extraordinarily serious environmental threat and that human economic activity is sig ...
Africa
... their ability to identify, asses and report greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from their agriculture, forestry and other land use activities, in a manner that is consistent with international climate agreements and national data development goals. A key component of the project is capacity development ...
... their ability to identify, asses and report greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from their agriculture, forestry and other land use activities, in a manner that is consistent with international climate agreements and national data development goals. A key component of the project is capacity development ...
adaptive capacity and human cognition
... Pielke, 1998; Smith, 1996; cited in Smit & Pilifosova, 2001, p. 881). Because of the long reaction time in the climate system, even with reductions in GHG emissions, global temperatures are expected to increase. Other changes in climate – including extreme events – are likely, and sea level will con ...
... Pielke, 1998; Smith, 1996; cited in Smit & Pilifosova, 2001, p. 881). Because of the long reaction time in the climate system, even with reductions in GHG emissions, global temperatures are expected to increase. Other changes in climate – including extreme events – are likely, and sea level will con ...
Embracing the Climate Challenge: Tasmania`s draft climate change
... There is now overwhelming evidence that shows that the earth is warming. 3 However, higher temperatures are only one feature of climate change. Global warming is also predicted to cause changes to other climate variables such as rainfall, wind, evaporation and sea level. These changes are likely to ...
... There is now overwhelming evidence that shows that the earth is warming. 3 However, higher temperatures are only one feature of climate change. Global warming is also predicted to cause changes to other climate variables such as rainfall, wind, evaporation and sea level. These changes are likely to ...
pdf Antarctic Research Centre File size
... The warming trend observed over the past century and models of its future trajectory suggest that we are rapidly heading towards a climate last experienced more than 3 million years ago. In order to assess model-based climate projections, scientists are increasingly looking back to the future to gai ...
... The warming trend observed over the past century and models of its future trajectory suggest that we are rapidly heading towards a climate last experienced more than 3 million years ago. In order to assess model-based climate projections, scientists are increasingly looking back to the future to gai ...
sn c project namibia
... generated locally using hydropower, and coal- and diesel-burning power stations. Local supply is insufficient so the demand is met by importing electricity from the Southern African Power Pool. Domestic electricity supply may be increased in the future by the use of natural gas and possibly more hyd ...
... generated locally using hydropower, and coal- and diesel-burning power stations. Local supply is insufficient so the demand is met by importing electricity from the Southern African Power Pool. Domestic electricity supply may be increased in the future by the use of natural gas and possibly more hyd ...
What California`s Coastal Managers Need to Plan for Climate Change
... California’s coastlines are vulnerable to the consequences of climate change and sea‐level rise. Coastal managers at local, regional, state, and federal levels will need to plan and implement adaptation measures to cope with these consequences. This study explored the information needs of Califo ...
... California’s coastlines are vulnerable to the consequences of climate change and sea‐level rise. Coastal managers at local, regional, state, and federal levels will need to plan and implement adaptation measures to cope with these consequences. This study explored the information needs of Califo ...
Coastal Zones and Marine Ecosystems
... zones and marine ecosystems. This improvement has been far from uniform, either thematically or in regional coverage, and there are still substantial gaps in our understanding. The First and Second Assessment Reports on ocean systems (Tsyban et al., 1990; Ittekkot et al., 1996) conclude that global ...
... zones and marine ecosystems. This improvement has been far from uniform, either thematically or in regional coverage, and there are still substantial gaps in our understanding. The First and Second Assessment Reports on ocean systems (Tsyban et al., 1990; Ittekkot et al., 1996) conclude that global ...
Impacts of changes in climate, land use and land cover on
... associated with climate change and those associated with land use/ land cover change: (1) present-day climate and present-day land use and land cover (2000 climate þ 2000 LU&LC), (2) future climate and present-day land use and land cover (2050 climate þ 2000 LU&LC), (3) present-day climate and futur ...
... associated with climate change and those associated with land use/ land cover change: (1) present-day climate and present-day land use and land cover (2000 climate þ 2000 LU&LC), (2) future climate and present-day land use and land cover (2050 climate þ 2000 LU&LC), (3) present-day climate and futur ...
adaptation to climate change: key terms
... At its meeting on 23 March 2005, the Annex I Expert Group requested the Secretariat to prepare a paper on key adaptation concepts and terms that have entered the UNFCCC lexicon such as ‘adaptation’, ‘vulnerability’, ‘adverse effect’, ‘adaptive capacity’, and others. The aim of the task is to collect ...
... At its meeting on 23 March 2005, the Annex I Expert Group requested the Secretariat to prepare a paper on key adaptation concepts and terms that have entered the UNFCCC lexicon such as ‘adaptation’, ‘vulnerability’, ‘adverse effect’, ‘adaptive capacity’, and others. The aim of the task is to collect ...
Global warming
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Although the increase of near-surface atmospheric temperature is the measure of global warming often reported in the popular press, most of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming. The remainder has melted ice, and warmed the continents and atmosphere. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia.Scientific understanding of global warming is increasing. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported in 2014 that scientists were more than 95% certain that most of global warming is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and other human (anthropogenic) activities. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) for their lowest emissions scenario using stringent mitigation and 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) for their highest. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations.Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe. Anticipated effects include warming global temperature, rising sea levels, changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts in the subtropics. Warming is expected to be greatest in the Arctic, with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfall, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to flooding.Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction, adaptation to its effects, building systems resilient to its effects, and possible future climate engineering. Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change. The UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to assist in adaptation to global warming. Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required, and that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level.