Estimating natural and anthropogenic responses of the water cycle
... distinct changes in the past. During the last millennium the in uence of external and internal processes rendered both warmer and colder periods, the most pronounced of which are referred to as the Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Little Ice Age, respectively. To disentangle the dierent in uences a ...
... distinct changes in the past. During the last millennium the in uence of external and internal processes rendered both warmer and colder periods, the most pronounced of which are referred to as the Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Little Ice Age, respectively. To disentangle the dierent in uences a ...
Climate Change and Food Security
... practices for adaptation and associated mitigation should also be given high priority. Conservation agriculture can make a significant difference to efficiency of water use, soil quality, capacity to withstand extreme events, and carbon sequestration. Promoting agrobiodiversity is particularly impor ...
... practices for adaptation and associated mitigation should also be given high priority. Conservation agriculture can make a significant difference to efficiency of water use, soil quality, capacity to withstand extreme events, and carbon sequestration. Promoting agrobiodiversity is particularly impor ...
Climate change and the conservation of marmots
... higher at lower temperatures), can mobilize evaporative heat loss at higher temperatures, form a more concentrated urine, and require only about half as much water per day as the larger montane marmots [16]. These differences apparently are genetic, which indicates that, given sufficient time, marmo ...
... higher at lower temperatures), can mobilize evaporative heat loss at higher temperatures, form a more concentrated urine, and require only about half as much water per day as the larger montane marmots [16]. These differences apparently are genetic, which indicates that, given sufficient time, marmo ...
Glantz 2004 - Ilan Kelman
... educational interests and needs associated with climate and climate-related decision making. Climate-related issues include but are not limited to food, water, energy, health, and public safety. The notion of Climate Affairs encompasses the following components: climate science, climate impacts on e ...
... educational interests and needs associated with climate and climate-related decision making. Climate-related issues include but are not limited to food, water, energy, health, and public safety. The notion of Climate Affairs encompasses the following components: climate science, climate impacts on e ...
Comparison of land-surface humidity between observations and
... Atmosphere-only models use observed sea-surface temperatures and radiative forcings to drive the atmospheric portion of a coupled-climate model. This additional constraint should ensure that these models more accurately capture the short-term variations of the observed climate at the same point in t ...
... Atmosphere-only models use observed sea-surface temperatures and radiative forcings to drive the atmospheric portion of a coupled-climate model. This additional constraint should ensure that these models more accurately capture the short-term variations of the observed climate at the same point in t ...
Climate Change and Population Movement in Pacific Island Countries
... If droughts were to be longer or occur more frequently, the livelihoods of very large numbers of people would be placed under significant duress. As well as droughts, extreme rainfall events are likely to become increasingly intense and frequent, causing flooding that may make ...
... If droughts were to be longer or occur more frequently, the livelihoods of very large numbers of people would be placed under significant duress. As well as droughts, extreme rainfall events are likely to become increasingly intense and frequent, causing flooding that may make ...
Climate Satellites Affirmative - NDI - 2011
... sea ice around the Antarctic and Greenland continents during the warmest interglacials would have a year-round effect on temperature, because the increased area of open water has its largest impact on surface air temperature in the cool seasons. Further, we suggest that the stability of sea level du ...
... sea ice around the Antarctic and Greenland continents during the warmest interglacials would have a year-round effect on temperature, because the increased area of open water has its largest impact on surface air temperature in the cool seasons. Further, we suggest that the stability of sea level du ...
Pre-Feasibility Analysis for the Conversion of Landfill Gas to
... health as well as cause adverse changes to the earth’s climate. Globally, transportation accounts for 19 percent of global energy use and 23 percent of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions (1). In the U.S., on-road mobile sources are a major contributor of GHG, contributing nearly 30 percent of total U.S. ...
... health as well as cause adverse changes to the earth’s climate. Globally, transportation accounts for 19 percent of global energy use and 23 percent of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions (1). In the U.S., on-road mobile sources are a major contributor of GHG, contributing nearly 30 percent of total U.S. ...
Changes in Sea Level
... observational lower bound (1.0 mm/yr), i.e., the sum of components is biased low compared to the observational estimates. The sum of components indicates an acceleration of only 0.2 mm/yr/century, with a range from –1.1 to +0.7 mm/yr/century, consistent with observational finding of no acceleration ...
... observational lower bound (1.0 mm/yr), i.e., the sum of components is biased low compared to the observational estimates. The sum of components indicates an acceleration of only 0.2 mm/yr/century, with a range from –1.1 to +0.7 mm/yr/century, consistent with observational finding of no acceleration ...
Potential for Abrupt Changes in Atmospheric Methane
... only. The gross production of methane is very likely to be significantly larger, but substantial quantities of methane are consumed in soils, oxic freshwater, and the ocean before reaching the atmosphere (Reeburgh, 2004). (The soil sink in Table 5.1 refers only to removal of atmospheric methane by o ...
... only. The gross production of methane is very likely to be significantly larger, but substantial quantities of methane are consumed in soils, oxic freshwater, and the ocean before reaching the atmosphere (Reeburgh, 2004). (The soil sink in Table 5.1 refers only to removal of atmospheric methane by o ...
Changing climate, changing biodiversity in South-East Europe
... There is a growing body of scientific evidence showing that the effects of climate change on biodiversity and the ‘goods and services’ that ecosystems provide (ecosystem services) are steadily increasing. For SEE countries specific impacts may include: increased temperatures; a rise in the frequency ...
... There is a growing body of scientific evidence showing that the effects of climate change on biodiversity and the ‘goods and services’ that ecosystems provide (ecosystem services) are steadily increasing. For SEE countries specific impacts may include: increased temperatures; a rise in the frequency ...
FOREWORD Mongolia`s harsh climatic conditions create one of the
... barriers to its economic development, and the anticipated climate change will limit it even further. Therefore, Mongolia has consistently demonstrated its strong support of international initiatives in protection of global climate. Mongolia was one of over 150 countries to sign the United Nations Fr ...
... barriers to its economic development, and the anticipated climate change will limit it even further. Therefore, Mongolia has consistently demonstrated its strong support of international initiatives in protection of global climate. Mongolia was one of over 150 countries to sign the United Nations Fr ...
A Global Response to HFCs through Fair and
... Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are replacements for many of the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) currently being phased out under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. Unlike those ozone-depleting substances (ODS), HFCs do not destroy the ozone l ...
... Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are replacements for many of the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) currently being phased out under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. Unlike those ozone-depleting substances (ODS), HFCs do not destroy the ozone l ...
Component:
... GDP. That would mean a serious blow to Vietnam’s strategy of sustained economic growth as the main mechanism for poverty alleviation. In addition to the long-term climate change vulnerability, Vietnam is also one of the countries most prone to natural disasters, especially typhoons and floods. It is ...
... GDP. That would mean a serious blow to Vietnam’s strategy of sustained economic growth as the main mechanism for poverty alleviation. In addition to the long-term climate change vulnerability, Vietnam is also one of the countries most prone to natural disasters, especially typhoons and floods. It is ...
Extreme Temperatures and Precipitation in Europe
... It is widely supposed that the so-called enhanced greenhouse effect may not only lead to a change in climate in the sense of ‘average’ weather conditions, but also to an increase in climate variability. For example, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), in its 4th assessment report, ...
... It is widely supposed that the so-called enhanced greenhouse effect may not only lead to a change in climate in the sense of ‘average’ weather conditions, but also to an increase in climate variability. For example, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), in its 4th assessment report, ...
Temperature Shocks and Economic Growth: Evidence from the Last Half Century
... Although our approach cannot fully overcome these challenges, we can make some headway in exploring potential impacts of shifts in climate by examining medium-term temperature shifts within countries. Mean global land temperatures have risen nearly 1◦C since 1970 (Brohan et al. 2006), but countries ...
... Although our approach cannot fully overcome these challenges, we can make some headway in exploring potential impacts of shifts in climate by examining medium-term temperature shifts within countries. Mean global land temperatures have risen nearly 1◦C since 1970 (Brohan et al. 2006), but countries ...
A comprehensive review of climate adaptation in the United States
... How society responds will be critical. Societies typically react to problems as they occur, and it is reasonable to expect that most adaptation actions will be reactive—i.e., they will follow harmful or beneficial changes in climate and impacts. But anticipation of climate change—taking proactive st ...
... How society responds will be critical. Societies typically react to problems as they occur, and it is reasonable to expect that most adaptation actions will be reactive—i.e., they will follow harmful or beneficial changes in climate and impacts. But anticipation of climate change—taking proactive st ...
A special introductory guide for policy advisers and decision makers
... the recycling process is the brittle star, which lives on or in the sea bed, waving its arms into the water currents to pluck food as it passes by. Acidification may affect this species in several ways. When larvae are exposed to only slightly more acidic sea water it appears that mass mortality may ...
... the recycling process is the brittle star, which lives on or in the sea bed, waving its arms into the water currents to pluck food as it passes by. Acidification may affect this species in several ways. When larvae are exposed to only slightly more acidic sea water it appears that mass mortality may ...
oa guide
... the recycling process is the brittle star, which lives on or in the sea bed, waving its arms into the water currents to pluck food as it passes by. Acidification may affect this species in several ways. When larvae are exposed to only slightly more acidic sea water it appears that mass mortality may ...
... the recycling process is the brittle star, which lives on or in the sea bed, waving its arms into the water currents to pluck food as it passes by. Acidification may affect this species in several ways. When larvae are exposed to only slightly more acidic sea water it appears that mass mortality may ...
The geography of global urban greenhouse gas emissions: an
... urban activities that produce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) (Hoornweg et al. 2011a; Rosenzweig et al. 2011); and the long lasting legacy of urban investment decisions. Despite these needs, urban GHG emissions are not well understood (Dhakal 2010). A recent estimate finds that cities are responsible ...
... urban activities that produce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) (Hoornweg et al. 2011a; Rosenzweig et al. 2011); and the long lasting legacy of urban investment decisions. Despite these needs, urban GHG emissions are not well understood (Dhakal 2010). A recent estimate finds that cities are responsible ...
Climate Change Adaptation for Natural World Heritage Sites A
... The impact of climate change on World Heritage natural and cultural properties was brought to the attention of the 29th session of the World Heritage Committee in 2005 by a group of concerned organizations and individuals. The Committee requested the UNESCO World Heritage Centre, in collaboration wi ...
... The impact of climate change on World Heritage natural and cultural properties was brought to the attention of the 29th session of the World Heritage Committee in 2005 by a group of concerned organizations and individuals. The Committee requested the UNESCO World Heritage Centre, in collaboration wi ...
CLIVAR Research Foci Development Team ENSO in a changing
... of climate change on many of the processes that contribute to ENSO variability (e.g., Collins et al. 2010), it is not yet possible to say whether ENSO activity will be enhanced or damped, or if the frequency or character of events will change in the coming decades (Vecchi and Wittenberg 2010). As ch ...
... of climate change on many of the processes that contribute to ENSO variability (e.g., Collins et al. 2010), it is not yet possible to say whether ENSO activity will be enhanced or damped, or if the frequency or character of events will change in the coming decades (Vecchi and Wittenberg 2010). As ch ...
Global warming
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Although the increase of near-surface atmospheric temperature is the measure of global warming often reported in the popular press, most of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming. The remainder has melted ice, and warmed the continents and atmosphere. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia.Scientific understanding of global warming is increasing. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported in 2014 that scientists were more than 95% certain that most of global warming is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and other human (anthropogenic) activities. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) for their lowest emissions scenario using stringent mitigation and 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) for their highest. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations.Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe. Anticipated effects include warming global temperature, rising sea levels, changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts in the subtropics. Warming is expected to be greatest in the Arctic, with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfall, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to flooding.Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction, adaptation to its effects, building systems resilient to its effects, and possible future climate engineering. Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change. The UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to assist in adaptation to global warming. Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required, and that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level.