Global Climate Risk Index 2006
... hurricane, we can draw some conclusions about hurricanes more generally. In particular, the available scientific evidence indicates that it is likely that global warming will make and possibly already is making - those hurricanes that form more destructive than they otherwise would have been." Rahms ...
... hurricane, we can draw some conclusions about hurricanes more generally. In particular, the available scientific evidence indicates that it is likely that global warming will make and possibly already is making - those hurricanes that form more destructive than they otherwise would have been." Rahms ...
Will the Paris agreement save the world?
... degree target. This international consensus on reducing climate emissions is positive and long overdue. However, there are many questions about the way forward to achieve emissions reductions. First, the pre-conference national pledges for climate action are predicated on a goal of 2 degree warming ...
... degree target. This international consensus on reducing climate emissions is positive and long overdue. However, there are many questions about the way forward to achieve emissions reductions. First, the pre-conference national pledges for climate action are predicated on a goal of 2 degree warming ...
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... to overcome some of the limitations of current treatments of tundra vegetation types, the Pan-Arctic Initiative (PAIN) has taken a comprehensive approach to describing and modeling terrestrial ecosystems of the northern high latitudes. The philosophy of PAIN has been to develop a model based on mode ...
... to overcome some of the limitations of current treatments of tundra vegetation types, the Pan-Arctic Initiative (PAIN) has taken a comprehensive approach to describing and modeling terrestrial ecosystems of the northern high latitudes. The philosophy of PAIN has been to develop a model based on mode ...
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... scientists a quarter of a century ago, there was a degree of recognition that any mitigation of emissions of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions would need to be complemented by at least some adaptation to the effects of climate change. Pielke et al (2007, p. 597), for example, state that ‘during ...
... scientists a quarter of a century ago, there was a degree of recognition that any mitigation of emissions of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions would need to be complemented by at least some adaptation to the effects of climate change. Pielke et al (2007, p. 597), for example, state that ‘during ...
Hurteau et al. 2014 - Earth Systems Ecology Lab
... severity. Based on two general circulation model projections under a doubling of atmospheric CO2, Flannigan et al. (2000) projected that mean fire severity in California (measured by difficulty of control) would increase by about 10% averaged across the state by mid-century. Results from Lenihan et al ...
... severity. Based on two general circulation model projections under a doubling of atmospheric CO2, Flannigan et al. (2000) projected that mean fire severity in California (measured by difficulty of control) would increase by about 10% averaged across the state by mid-century. Results from Lenihan et al ...
Climate change and disaster management
... in a sustainable fashion then reducing the impact of disasters is an urgent priority (Middleton and O’Keefe, 2001; DFID, 2004a; UNDP, 2004a; Wisner and Walker, 2005). The data mentioned above refer to losses stemming from natural disasters of all types; however, there is mounting concern about the i ...
... in a sustainable fashion then reducing the impact of disasters is an urgent priority (Middleton and O’Keefe, 2001; DFID, 2004a; UNDP, 2004a; Wisner and Walker, 2005). The data mentioned above refer to losses stemming from natural disasters of all types; however, there is mounting concern about the i ...
Potential Evapotranspiration Under Present and Future
... Climate change is expected to increase PET due to higher temperature, solar radiation and wind speed (Abtew and Melesse 2013), which will affect the hydrological system and water resources (Shahid 2011). Previous research in Egypt on the effect of climate change on PET values revealed that temperatu ...
... Climate change is expected to increase PET due to higher temperature, solar radiation and wind speed (Abtew and Melesse 2013), which will affect the hydrological system and water resources (Shahid 2011). Previous research in Egypt on the effect of climate change on PET values revealed that temperatu ...
Climate Change in the Midwest: Impacts on Biodiversity
... likely to accelerate the rate of species declines & extinctions (very likely). In the Midwest, key drivers of these stresses and extinctions are likely to be interactions between climate change and current stressors, and adaptive responses will often be constrained by factors like habitat loss and l ...
... likely to accelerate the rate of species declines & extinctions (very likely). In the Midwest, key drivers of these stresses and extinctions are likely to be interactions between climate change and current stressors, and adaptive responses will often be constrained by factors like habitat loss and l ...
Climate in the Pacific: a regional summary of new science and
... Small island developing states in the tropical Pacific are increasingly vulnerable to the impacts of climate variability, extremes and change, including loss and damage to infrastructure and natural assets from climaterelated natural disasters and associated threats to health and wellbeing of the po ...
... Small island developing states in the tropical Pacific are increasingly vulnerable to the impacts of climate variability, extremes and change, including loss and damage to infrastructure and natural assets from climaterelated natural disasters and associated threats to health and wellbeing of the po ...
The Case for a Carbon Tax in Canada
... Yet some hope can perhaps be derived from other similar public goods problems, albeit on a much smaller scale. Elinor Ostrom received the 2009 Nobel Prize in Economics for her work in examining the emergence of self-government institutions in similar prisoners dilemma-type environments.16 For examp ...
... Yet some hope can perhaps be derived from other similar public goods problems, albeit on a much smaller scale. Elinor Ostrom received the 2009 Nobel Prize in Economics for her work in examining the emergence of self-government institutions in similar prisoners dilemma-type environments.16 For examp ...
12 International climate change agreements What is covered in this chapter?
... The secret is that countries operate in blocs. As in every UN negotiation developing countries coordinate positions in the so-called ‘Group of 77 and China’. Now being a group that consists of 130 countries, including China, their joint position on any issue has enormous clout. The country holding t ...
... The secret is that countries operate in blocs. As in every UN negotiation developing countries coordinate positions in the so-called ‘Group of 77 and China’. Now being a group that consists of 130 countries, including China, their joint position on any issue has enormous clout. The country holding t ...
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... and supply volumes to product prices and gross domestic product. Manufacturing activities are represented by input-output coefficients and manufacturing costs covering labour, energy and capital. Transport cost depends on freight rates and import tariffs. Each of the four components has a static an ...
... and supply volumes to product prices and gross domestic product. Manufacturing activities are represented by input-output coefficients and manufacturing costs covering labour, energy and capital. Transport cost depends on freight rates and import tariffs. Each of the four components has a static an ...
Internal and forced climate variability during the last millennium: a
... Furthermore, the timing of the various warm episodes was not synchronous between different regions, as also noticed by Crowley and Lowery (2000) and Bradley et al. (2003). The cooling during the LIA appears more coherent over the mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. However, not all regional re ...
... Furthermore, the timing of the various warm episodes was not synchronous between different regions, as also noticed by Crowley and Lowery (2000) and Bradley et al. (2003). The cooling during the LIA appears more coherent over the mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. However, not all regional re ...
The Second Annual Report
... The second annual report of the Climate Change Commission for Wales is published in the interim period of the Government's annual progress reports. 7 Going forward, the Commission will respond directly to the Welsh Government's Climate Change Strategy Progress Report, due in Autumn 2013. It will be ...
... The second annual report of the Climate Change Commission for Wales is published in the interim period of the Government's annual progress reports. 7 Going forward, the Commission will respond directly to the Welsh Government's Climate Change Strategy Progress Report, due in Autumn 2013. It will be ...
Earth`s energy imbalance and implications
... change, as discussed in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2001, 2007) reports and by innumerable authors. Although climate change is driven by many climate forcing agents and the climate system also exhibits unforced (chaotic) variability, it is now widely agreed that the strong g ...
... change, as discussed in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2001, 2007) reports and by innumerable authors. Although climate change is driven by many climate forcing agents and the climate system also exhibits unforced (chaotic) variability, it is now widely agreed that the strong g ...
Climate Change Vulnerabilities: Case Studies of the Maldives and
... down into three factors: (i) exposure to climate change, (ii) sensitivity to climate change, and (iii) adaptive capacity” (Scheffran, 870). Heightened sensitivity to climate change may be offset by high levels of adaptive capacity, however, this is often not the case, especially in developing nation ...
... down into three factors: (i) exposure to climate change, (ii) sensitivity to climate change, and (iii) adaptive capacity” (Scheffran, 870). Heightened sensitivity to climate change may be offset by high levels of adaptive capacity, however, this is often not the case, especially in developing nation ...
Developing countries call for historical responsibility as basis for
... states, LDCs, landlocked countries as well as vulnerable communities in larger countries such as Brazil, China and India. ...
... states, LDCs, landlocked countries as well as vulnerable communities in larger countries such as Brazil, China and India. ...
Methane hydrates and Climate Change, Ruppel
... et al. 2008). Only gas hydrates at the top of the GHSZ, nominally at ~225 m depth for pure CH4 hydrate within permafrost, might be vulnerable to dissociation due to atmospheric warming over 103 yr. Such shallow, intrapermafrost gas hydrate has been sampled in the North American Arctic (Collett et al ...
... et al. 2008). Only gas hydrates at the top of the GHSZ, nominally at ~225 m depth for pure CH4 hydrate within permafrost, might be vulnerable to dissociation due to atmospheric warming over 103 yr. Such shallow, intrapermafrost gas hydrate has been sampled in the North American Arctic (Collett et al ...
Introduction to Integrated Environment Assessment Models
... • Diverse socio-economic scenarios • Macro and micro-economies • Local and regional boundaries • Short and long time horizons • Local and global environmental concerns • Rural and urban perspectives • Regional emissions and impact assessment • Probability and Decision under uncertainty • Technology ...
... • Diverse socio-economic scenarios • Macro and micro-economies • Local and regional boundaries • Short and long time horizons • Local and global environmental concerns • Rural and urban perspectives • Regional emissions and impact assessment • Probability and Decision under uncertainty • Technology ...
O b s e rved Impacts climate change in the U.S.
... geographic scales and a variety of species, and these U.S. impacts reflect global trends. Even against a backg round of apparently dominating forces such as direct human-driven habitat destruction and alteration, a climate “fingerprint” is discernible in natural systems. The most rigorous studies wi ...
... geographic scales and a variety of species, and these U.S. impacts reflect global trends. Even against a backg round of apparently dominating forces such as direct human-driven habitat destruction and alteration, a climate “fingerprint” is discernible in natural systems. The most rigorous studies wi ...
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... annual average precipitation will increase by 5 to 7 percent and the annual mean temperature will rise within a range of 2.3 to 3.3 degree Celsius in China (The Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, 2007). The economic cost of the expected climatic change and climate ...
... annual average precipitation will increase by 5 to 7 percent and the annual mean temperature will rise within a range of 2.3 to 3.3 degree Celsius in China (The Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, 2007). The economic cost of the expected climatic change and climate ...
Severe weather and UK food chain resilience
... there is now good evidence that extreme weather events are increasing in frequency at a considerable rate. 9 As the shape of the distributions is changing, there are three crucial points that should be made: 1. It is quite common to make the first order assumption that extreme values will shift by t ...
... there is now good evidence that extreme weather events are increasing in frequency at a considerable rate. 9 As the shape of the distributions is changing, there are three crucial points that should be made: 1. It is quite common to make the first order assumption that extreme values will shift by t ...
Statistical downscaling of daily mean temperature, pan evaporation
... evaporation has not been reported elsewhere at present. The objective of this article, therefore, is twofold: (1) to investigate the adaptability of SDSM for simultaneously downscaling mean temperature, pan evaporation, and precipitation in Haihe River basin and discuss strengths and weaknesses of t ...
... evaporation has not been reported elsewhere at present. The objective of this article, therefore, is twofold: (1) to investigate the adaptability of SDSM for simultaneously downscaling mean temperature, pan evaporation, and precipitation in Haihe River basin and discuss strengths and weaknesses of t ...
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... excluded these factors from the index. Because population and range size are major factors in determining conservation status, repeating them in our assessments would cause most threatened species to also be scored as vulnerable to climate change. The purpose of the index is to highlight species wit ...
... excluded these factors from the index. Because population and range size are major factors in determining conservation status, repeating them in our assessments would cause most threatened species to also be scored as vulnerable to climate change. The purpose of the index is to highlight species wit ...
Global warming
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Although the increase of near-surface atmospheric temperature is the measure of global warming often reported in the popular press, most of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming. The remainder has melted ice, and warmed the continents and atmosphere. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia.Scientific understanding of global warming is increasing. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported in 2014 that scientists were more than 95% certain that most of global warming is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and other human (anthropogenic) activities. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) for their lowest emissions scenario using stringent mitigation and 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) for their highest. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations.Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe. Anticipated effects include warming global temperature, rising sea levels, changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts in the subtropics. Warming is expected to be greatest in the Arctic, with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfall, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to flooding.Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction, adaptation to its effects, building systems resilient to its effects, and possible future climate engineering. Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change. The UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to assist in adaptation to global warming. Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required, and that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level.