North Atlantic storminess and Atlantic Meridional Overturning
... positive North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) anomaly through tropospheric dynamics (Pozo-Vazquez et al., 2001). Seager et al. (2007) describe the La Niña–strong AMOC connection in the following way: Southern Hemisphere westerlies are shifted southward during La Niña phases (L'Heureux and Thompson, 2006 ...
... positive North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) anomaly through tropospheric dynamics (Pozo-Vazquez et al., 2001). Seager et al. (2007) describe the La Niña–strong AMOC connection in the following way: Southern Hemisphere westerlies are shifted southward during La Niña phases (L'Heureux and Thompson, 2006 ...
Climate Change and Hunger - Responding to the Challenge
... The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication, including in maps, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Food Programme concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning th ...
... The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication, including in maps, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Food Programme concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning th ...
View/Open
... The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication, including in maps, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Food Programme concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning th ...
... The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication, including in maps, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Food Programme concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning th ...
Building Resilient Communities in Maryland: A Stakeholder Forum
... Weather: It is what you get: look out of the window now. Climate: Aggregated pattern of weather averages, extremes, timing, geographic distribution) of… ...
... Weather: It is what you get: look out of the window now. Climate: Aggregated pattern of weather averages, extremes, timing, geographic distribution) of… ...
Evans - NERC
... There is good evidence that changes in climate are associated with distributional shifts and population trends in some UK fauna (see below and other report card papers). A complete assessment of climate change impacts requires understanding the mechanisms driving these changes. This is essential for ...
... There is good evidence that changes in climate are associated with distributional shifts and population trends in some UK fauna (see below and other report card papers). A complete assessment of climate change impacts requires understanding the mechanisms driving these changes. This is essential for ...
Simple indices of global climate variability and change: Part I
... 2.1.2 Paleo-climate reconstructions In addition to the instrumental record described, the multi-proxy climate reconstructions of Mann et al. (2000a, b) have been used as a representation of surface temperature variations for the period 1700–1900. Previous studies have shown that these data can be us ...
... 2.1.2 Paleo-climate reconstructions In addition to the instrumental record described, the multi-proxy climate reconstructions of Mann et al. (2000a, b) have been used as a representation of surface temperature variations for the period 1700–1900. Previous studies have shown that these data can be us ...
Micro-level Practices to Adapt to Climate Change for African Small
... which the continent has already experienced; more people will be at risk of water stress. The economies of many African nations are dependent on sectors that are vulnerable to climate conditions, such as agriculture, fisheries, forestry, and tourism. Agriculture and natural resources provide the liv ...
... which the continent has already experienced; more people will be at risk of water stress. The economies of many African nations are dependent on sectors that are vulnerable to climate conditions, such as agriculture, fisheries, forestry, and tourism. Agriculture and natural resources provide the liv ...
Climate change: hydrological impact studies
... Examples of hydrological models that have been applied to various river basins are the water balance model concept used in RHINEFLOW (Kwadijk, 1993) and variants of this model, the HBV model (Bergström, 1995) and the TOPMODEL (Beven et al., 1995). Water balance models Kwadijk (1993) and Van Deursen ...
... Examples of hydrological models that have been applied to various river basins are the water balance model concept used in RHINEFLOW (Kwadijk, 1993) and variants of this model, the HBV model (Bergström, 1995) and the TOPMODEL (Beven et al., 1995). Water balance models Kwadijk (1993) and Van Deursen ...
SUBREGIONAL CLIMATE ACTION PLAN ADAPTATION AND
... Since the 1950s, Riverside County has received an average of 10–12 inches of rainfall per year, although that number can vary greatly between years (WRCC 2013a, 2013b, 2013c). As of late 2014, the National Drought Mitigation Center classified the entire region as being in an “extreme drought,” the s ...
... Since the 1950s, Riverside County has received an average of 10–12 inches of rainfall per year, although that number can vary greatly between years (WRCC 2013a, 2013b, 2013c). As of late 2014, the National Drought Mitigation Center classified the entire region as being in an “extreme drought,” the s ...
Pan-Arctic Climate and Land Cover Trends Derived from Multi
... climate system and are influenced by changes in temperature and precipitation regimes, as well as snow and vegetation dynamics. Temperature conditions in the arctic regions have never been as high, compared to the last 300 years [1]. Predictions from climate models forecast a significant increase in ...
... climate system and are influenced by changes in temperature and precipitation regimes, as well as snow and vegetation dynamics. Temperature conditions in the arctic regions have never been as high, compared to the last 300 years [1]. Predictions from climate models forecast a significant increase in ...
Predicting population consequences of ocean climate
... Farallon Island colony in central California. Our study projected that the auklet population growth rate will experience an absolute decline of 11–45% by the end of the century, placing this population on a trajectory toward extinction. In addition, future changes in upwelling intensity and timing o ...
... Farallon Island colony in central California. Our study projected that the auklet population growth rate will experience an absolute decline of 11–45% by the end of the century, placing this population on a trajectory toward extinction. In addition, future changes in upwelling intensity and timing o ...
The demographic impacts of shifts in climate means and extremes
... between the two species, we expect that the differences in adult traits explored here are primary drivers of distribution differences between C. meadii and C. eriphyle. A key aspect of Colias performance is flight, which is essential for courtship and mating, nectaring, oviposition and other activiti ...
... between the two species, we expect that the differences in adult traits explored here are primary drivers of distribution differences between C. meadii and C. eriphyle. A key aspect of Colias performance is flight, which is essential for courtship and mating, nectaring, oviposition and other activiti ...
The fate of Amazonian ecosystems over the coming century arising
... indicating that CO2 fertilization may be occurring (Baker et al., 2004; Lewis et al., 2009); however, there is currently limited direct evidence from large-scale experimental studies in tropical forests, such as free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) experiments, to support this conclusion. The i ...
... indicating that CO2 fertilization may be occurring (Baker et al., 2004; Lewis et al., 2009); however, there is currently limited direct evidence from large-scale experimental studies in tropical forests, such as free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) experiments, to support this conclusion. The i ...
Use of models in detection and attribution of climate change
... uncertainty. Forcing uncertainty is generally understood to be small in the case of well-mixed greenhouse gases10 that have well understood effects on the planet’s radiative balance. Uncertainties are larger for other types of anthropogenic forcing, including aerosol forcing and forcing from land-us ...
... uncertainty. Forcing uncertainty is generally understood to be small in the case of well-mixed greenhouse gases10 that have well understood effects on the planet’s radiative balance. Uncertainties are larger for other types of anthropogenic forcing, including aerosol forcing and forcing from land-us ...
Extreme precipitation response to climate perturbations in an
... level of 850 hPa. The temperature response gradually increases up to 3 ◦ C at 300 hPa. Thus, the atmospheric temperature lapse rate slightly decreases in the climate change simulation. The relative humidity slightly decreases with 1–2% between the surface and 300 hPa, and increases by 5% near 200 hP ...
... level of 850 hPa. The temperature response gradually increases up to 3 ◦ C at 300 hPa. Thus, the atmospheric temperature lapse rate slightly decreases in the climate change simulation. The relative humidity slightly decreases with 1–2% between the surface and 300 hPa, and increases by 5% near 200 hP ...
Food System Futures: dealing with uncertainty and complexity
... Condition and Trends What is the current condition and historical trends of ecosystems and their services? What have been the consequences of changes in ecosystems for human wellbeing? ...
... Condition and Trends What is the current condition and historical trends of ecosystems and their services? What have been the consequences of changes in ecosystems for human wellbeing? ...
Handbook for Local Elected Officials on Climate Change
... have a responsibility to become informed and to take appropriate action within their mandates to prepare for and adapt to the impacts of climate change. ...
... have a responsibility to become informed and to take appropriate action within their mandates to prepare for and adapt to the impacts of climate change. ...
Malaysia`s First National Communication
... The impact on coastal resources can be classified into four broad categories. The first is tidal inundation, where about 1200 km2 in Peninsular Malaysia alone will be submerged subsequent to bund failure, and mangroves will be lost if sea level rises at a rate of 0.9 cm/year. The second is shoreline ...
... The impact on coastal resources can be classified into four broad categories. The first is tidal inundation, where about 1200 km2 in Peninsular Malaysia alone will be submerged subsequent to bund failure, and mangroves will be lost if sea level rises at a rate of 0.9 cm/year. The second is shoreline ...
Climate: Observations, projections and impacts
... • A description of key features of national weather and climate, including an analysis of new data on extreme events. • An assessment of the extent to which increases in greenhouse gases and aerosols in the atmosphere have altered the probability of particular seasonal temperatures compared to pre-i ...
... • A description of key features of national weather and climate, including an analysis of new data on extreme events. • An assessment of the extent to which increases in greenhouse gases and aerosols in the atmosphere have altered the probability of particular seasonal temperatures compared to pre-i ...
Efficient Adaptation to Climate Change
... easy to believe that ex-post adaptations will be undertaken, it is less clear whether ex-ante efforts will be widespread. This paper stresses two additional points. First, that there is an efficient amount of adaptation. Adaptation is efficient only if the cost of making the effort is less than the ...
... easy to believe that ex-post adaptations will be undertaken, it is less clear whether ex-ante efforts will be widespread. This paper stresses two additional points. First, that there is an efficient amount of adaptation. Adaptation is efficient only if the cost of making the effort is less than the ...
Sea-level rise - Environmental Science Institute
... Hot Science - Cool Talks Volume 47 Produced by and for the Hot Science – Cool Talks Outreach Lecture Series of the Environmental Science Institute. We request that the use of any of these materials include an acknowledgement of Dr. David Vaughan and the Hot Science – Cool Talks Outreach Lecture Seri ...
... Hot Science - Cool Talks Volume 47 Produced by and for the Hot Science – Cool Talks Outreach Lecture Series of the Environmental Science Institute. We request that the use of any of these materials include an acknowledgement of Dr. David Vaughan and the Hot Science – Cool Talks Outreach Lecture Seri ...
Assessing Vulnerabilities to the Effects of Global Change: An Eight
... social and environmental changes. The idea to hold this workshop flowed from discussions held under the auspices of two research projects, Research and Assessment Systems for Sustainability (Sustainability Systems) based at Harvard University (http://sust.harvard.edu), and the Environmental Vulnerab ...
... social and environmental changes. The idea to hold this workshop flowed from discussions held under the auspices of two research projects, Research and Assessment Systems for Sustainability (Sustainability Systems) based at Harvard University (http://sust.harvard.edu), and the Environmental Vulnerab ...
Sea-level Change - Hong Kong Observatory
... rise of 0.41 m due to thermal expansion of sea water by the end of the 21st century as predicted by IPCC’s AR4, such a maximum sea-level would have a return ...
... rise of 0.41 m due to thermal expansion of sea water by the end of the 21st century as predicted by IPCC’s AR4, such a maximum sea-level would have a return ...
1.5.5.1 OSPAR climate request - The Quality Status Report 2010
... This report is a contribution towards OSPAR JAMP Product BA-3 and includes material that can be included in the Quality Status Report in 2010. There is ample circumstantial evidence that global climate change is affecting many aspects of life on this planet. However, as scientific effort becomes dir ...
... This report is a contribution towards OSPAR JAMP Product BA-3 and includes material that can be included in the Quality Status Report in 2010. There is ample circumstantial evidence that global climate change is affecting many aspects of life on this planet. However, as scientific effort becomes dir ...
Policy Tools for Local Adaptation to Sea Level Rise
... • Post-disaster redevelopment planning. Though not designed originally for this purpose, these tools can still build both community and natural system resilience to sea level rise. Among these tools, one overarching instrument of local government clearly stands out as a framework for future adaptati ...
... • Post-disaster redevelopment planning. Though not designed originally for this purpose, these tools can still build both community and natural system resilience to sea level rise. Among these tools, one overarching instrument of local government clearly stands out as a framework for future adaptati ...
Effects of global warming
The effects of global warming are the environmental and social changes caused (directly or indirectly) by human emissions of greenhouse gases. There is a scientific consensus that climate change is occurring, and that human activities are the primary driver. Many impacts of climate change have already been observed, including glacier retreat, changes in the timing of seasonal events (e.g., earlier flowering of plants), and changes in agricultural productivity.Future effects of climate change will vary depending on climate change policies and social development. The two main policies to address climate change are reducing human greenhouse gas emissions (climate change mitigation) and adapting to the impacts of climate change. Geoengineering is another policy option.Near-term climate change policies could significantly affect long-term climate change impacts. Stringent mitigation policies might be able to limit global warming (in 2100) to around 2 °C or below, relative to pre-industrial levels. Without mitigation, increased energy demand and extensive use of fossil fuels might lead to global warming of around 4 °C. Higher magnitudes of global warming would be more difficult to adapt to, and would increase the risk of negative impacts.