Air Pollution and Climate Change - European Commission
... ‘pollution safety margin’ which accounts for the warming impact of many air pollutants. Available evidence suggests that policies to reduce the harmful effects of air pollutants could accelerate climate change over coming decades by cutting emissions that currently contribute to cooling the climate. ...
... ‘pollution safety margin’ which accounts for the warming impact of many air pollutants. Available evidence suggests that policies to reduce the harmful effects of air pollutants could accelerate climate change over coming decades by cutting emissions that currently contribute to cooling the climate. ...
Enhancing the relevance of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways for
... et al. this issue; Kriegler et al. this issue; O’Neill et al. this issue; van Vuuren et al. 2011, this issue) may offer new opportunities to increase coherence between scenarios at different scales and expand their use in IAV studies. This broadening analytical frame should, in turn, provide fresh i ...
... et al. this issue; Kriegler et al. this issue; O’Neill et al. this issue; van Vuuren et al. 2011, this issue) may offer new opportunities to increase coherence between scenarios at different scales and expand their use in IAV studies. This broadening analytical frame should, in turn, provide fresh i ...
Climate Change and Forest Disturbances
... Past and future climates in the United States The Earth has experienced cycles of temperature and precipitation change on a geological scale, but recent evidence points to a large anthropogenic component to current global climate changes (Houghton et al. 1996). Analyses of the last 100 years of clim ...
... Past and future climates in the United States The Earth has experienced cycles of temperature and precipitation change on a geological scale, but recent evidence points to a large anthropogenic component to current global climate changes (Houghton et al. 1996). Analyses of the last 100 years of clim ...
2014 Energy and Climate Outlook
... and other fixed installations by 1.74% every year. Our population projections are drawn from the UN’s 2012 Revision (UN, 2013) which projects a global population of 10.8 billion by the end of the century. In addition to the central emissions scenario, we include a short section where we speculate on ...
... and other fixed installations by 1.74% every year. Our population projections are drawn from the UN’s 2012 Revision (UN, 2013) which projects a global population of 10.8 billion by the end of the century. In addition to the central emissions scenario, we include a short section where we speculate on ...
Hydrodynamic impacts of Egyptian costal lakes due to
... Investigation of the climate change impacts, especially sea level rise and temperature, on coastal lakes are addressed in limited publications (Anton-pardo and Armengol, 2011; Hinkel and Klein, 2009; Schallenberg et al., 2003; Simas et al., 2001; Ticehurst, 2008). Regarding Egyptian coastal zone, th ...
... Investigation of the climate change impacts, especially sea level rise and temperature, on coastal lakes are addressed in limited publications (Anton-pardo and Armengol, 2011; Hinkel and Klein, 2009; Schallenberg et al., 2003; Simas et al., 2001; Ticehurst, 2008). Regarding Egyptian coastal zone, th ...
Accounting for Extreme Events in the Economic Assessment of
... annual costs (about 65 billions US in 2003) and they are suspected of being strong obstacles to the development of poor countries (IFRCRCS (2002), Benson and Clay (2004)). This year, the tropical cyclone landfall in Haı̈tia (more than 2000 fatalities), the four ones in Florida (about 50 billions U.S ...
... annual costs (about 65 billions US in 2003) and they are suspected of being strong obstacles to the development of poor countries (IFRCRCS (2002), Benson and Clay (2004)). This year, the tropical cyclone landfall in Haı̈tia (more than 2000 fatalities), the four ones in Florida (about 50 billions U.S ...
Inadequacies and criticisms of the Intergovernmental Panel on
... conclusion built into its terms of reference. Indeed, despite the overwhelming public assumption regarding human causation, in its most recent report the IPCC stated (2001, p. 97) that: "The fact that the global mean temperature has increased since the late 19th century and that other trends have be ...
... conclusion built into its terms of reference. Indeed, despite the overwhelming public assumption regarding human causation, in its most recent report the IPCC stated (2001, p. 97) that: "The fact that the global mean temperature has increased since the late 19th century and that other trends have be ...
Evolutionary response of the egg hatching date of LETTERS *
... change leads to genetic changes in wild populations have been few2,3 . The synchronization between the timing of egg hatching of a herbivorous insect, the winter moth (Operophtera brumata), and the seasonal bud burst of its food plant, oak (Quercus robur), has been disrupted by climate change4 and a ...
... change leads to genetic changes in wild populations have been few2,3 . The synchronization between the timing of egg hatching of a herbivorous insect, the winter moth (Operophtera brumata), and the seasonal bud burst of its food plant, oak (Quercus robur), has been disrupted by climate change4 and a ...
The role of HFCs in mitigating 21st century climate change
... increasing interest in fast-action climate mitigation strategies that target SLCPs (Wallack and Ramanathan, 2009; Molina et al., 2009). Ramanathan and Xu (2010) (hereafter RX10) concluded that as much as 0.6 ◦ C warming can be avoided by mid-21st century using current technologies to reduce all four ...
... increasing interest in fast-action climate mitigation strategies that target SLCPs (Wallack and Ramanathan, 2009; Molina et al., 2009). Ramanathan and Xu (2010) (hereafter RX10) concluded that as much as 0.6 ◦ C warming can be avoided by mid-21st century using current technologies to reduce all four ...
Civic Education About Climate Change
... The first area of knowledge—and the most commonly emphasized—is climate science literacy. This focus derives in part from the work of Jon Miller (1998), who has defined science literacy generally as awareness and knowledge of technical terms and constructs sufficient to make sense of competing argum ...
... The first area of knowledge—and the most commonly emphasized—is climate science literacy. This focus derives in part from the work of Jon Miller (1998), who has defined science literacy generally as awareness and knowledge of technical terms and constructs sufficient to make sense of competing argum ...
Arctic Climate System Study (ACSYS)/ Climate and Cryosphere
... Assimilation of remotely sensed snowpack data into the WATCLASS coupled land surface process hydrological model (Fassnacht) ...
... Assimilation of remotely sensed snowpack data into the WATCLASS coupled land surface process hydrological model (Fassnacht) ...
The Influence of Climate Variability and Change on the Science and
... 0.85°C globally with much of the increase occurring due to increases in minimum temperature (Hansen et al. 2010; IPCC 2014b). Similar changes have affected other properties of the Earth’s climate system, including spatial and temporal patterns of precipitation, sea ice extent, mean sea level, freque ...
... 0.85°C globally with much of the increase occurring due to increases in minimum temperature (Hansen et al. 2010; IPCC 2014b). Similar changes have affected other properties of the Earth’s climate system, including spatial and temporal patterns of precipitation, sea ice extent, mean sea level, freque ...
Provided for non-commercial research and educational use
... atmosphere. The associated trends are important indicators of climate change and are likely to have profound influences on ecosystems and societies. This review is focused on two important examples of such change: first, tropical circulation change related to a poleward expansion of the Hadley cell ...
... atmosphere. The associated trends are important indicators of climate change and are likely to have profound influences on ecosystems and societies. This review is focused on two important examples of such change: first, tropical circulation change related to a poleward expansion of the Hadley cell ...
Climate Change Effects on Marine and Coastal Habitats in
... Ocean water temperatures are expected to rise as global air temperatures rise,15 since the world’s oceans are the main storage reservoir for excess heat energy initially retained within Earth’s atmosphere.16 Since 1961, the oceans have been absorbing more than 80% of the heat added to the climate sy ...
... Ocean water temperatures are expected to rise as global air temperatures rise,15 since the world’s oceans are the main storage reservoir for excess heat energy initially retained within Earth’s atmosphere.16 Since 1961, the oceans have been absorbing more than 80% of the heat added to the climate sy ...
magnitude and frequency
... 2000 (and now 2012) associated with anomalously warm conditions in the North Atlantic. Sustained trends are also conspicuously absent in reconstructed flood indices (see below). However, it may be too soon to expect a clear signal of greenhouse gas forced change to have appeared in UK flood records. ...
... 2000 (and now 2012) associated with anomalously warm conditions in the North Atlantic. Sustained trends are also conspicuously absent in reconstructed flood indices (see below). However, it may be too soon to expect a clear signal of greenhouse gas forced change to have appeared in UK flood records. ...
The Short-Term Temptations and Long
... From a modern perspective, however, some of the outcomes of Carson’s work were less successful. Carson’s broader claims with regard to pesticide use have largely been seen as exaggerated: in particular, claims of chemicals destroying nature and entire ecosystems and the desire to ban bad actors outr ...
... From a modern perspective, however, some of the outcomes of Carson’s work were less successful. Carson’s broader claims with regard to pesticide use have largely been seen as exaggerated: in particular, claims of chemicals destroying nature and entire ecosystems and the desire to ban bad actors outr ...
Climate Change: Overview and Implications for Wildlife
... to be responsible for some 33C (60F) of surface warming. Thus, seemingly small humaninduced changes to the natural greenhouse gases are typically projected to result in a global warming of about 1.5C to 6C in the next century (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 1990, 1996a, 2001a—the lat ...
... to be responsible for some 33C (60F) of surface warming. Thus, seemingly small humaninduced changes to the natural greenhouse gases are typically projected to result in a global warming of about 1.5C to 6C in the next century (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 1990, 1996a, 2001a—the lat ...
1.1 Framework 1.1.1 Climate change
... Figure 1.1) Great ocean conveyor logo [Broecker 1987], a cartoon of global circulation of ocean waters. [illustration by Joe Le Monnier, Natural History Magazine]. Superimposed: a highly simplified thermohaline circulation [Rahmstorf, 2002]. ...
... Figure 1.1) Great ocean conveyor logo [Broecker 1987], a cartoon of global circulation of ocean waters. [illustration by Joe Le Monnier, Natural History Magazine]. Superimposed: a highly simplified thermohaline circulation [Rahmstorf, 2002]. ...
Kapiti DC issues - Coastal Ratepayers United
... reliability of semi-empirical methods that project higher sea levels and assigns low confidence to their projections. The methodology for assessing the ranges of sea level projections was changed for the AR5 assessment, which makes it difficult to directly compare the 2013 projections (Figure 5) wit ...
... reliability of semi-empirical methods that project higher sea levels and assigns low confidence to their projections. The methodology for assessing the ranges of sea level projections was changed for the AR5 assessment, which makes it difficult to directly compare the 2013 projections (Figure 5) wit ...
Changes in alpine plant growth under future climate conditions
... Correspondence to: A. Rammig ([email protected]) ...
... Correspondence to: A. Rammig ([email protected]) ...
NSW and ACT Regional Climate Model: Project scope
... through the NSW Climate Impact Profile. These projections are based on a small number of dynamical global climate models (GCMs) that were selected because of their skill in modelling major climate variables for this region of the globe1. GCMs are based on physical processes (e.g. how solar radiation ...
... through the NSW Climate Impact Profile. These projections are based on a small number of dynamical global climate models (GCMs) that were selected because of their skill in modelling major climate variables for this region of the globe1. GCMs are based on physical processes (e.g. how solar radiation ...
to US agricultural resources A review of impacts
... Another important set of linkages relates to human and market influences. Most agricultural systems throughout the world are managed; that is, there is active human influence in contrast to natural or unmanaged systems. As such, patterns of food production respond not only to biophysical changes in ...
... Another important set of linkages relates to human and market influences. Most agricultural systems throughout the world are managed; that is, there is active human influence in contrast to natural or unmanaged systems. As such, patterns of food production respond not only to biophysical changes in ...
How reversible is sea ice loss?
... transferred back to the surface and to the deep ocean. The intermediate waters become a store of heat that can be accessed through mixed layer entrainment as the climate cools, slowing the rate of recovery of the sea ice in some regions of Antarctica. In the Arctic, a surface freshening reduces the ...
... transferred back to the surface and to the deep ocean. The intermediate waters become a store of heat that can be accessed through mixed layer entrainment as the climate cools, slowing the rate of recovery of the sea ice in some regions of Antarctica. In the Arctic, a surface freshening reduces the ...
Atmosphere and Climate Change Section 1
... Earth’s surface at the equator causes the surface as well as the air above the equator to become very warm. • This warm air can hold large amounts of water vapor. – But as this warm air rises and cools, its ability to hold water is reduced. • As a result, areas near the equator receive large amounts ...
... Earth’s surface at the equator causes the surface as well as the air above the equator to become very warm. • This warm air can hold large amounts of water vapor. – But as this warm air rises and cools, its ability to hold water is reduced. • As a result, areas near the equator receive large amounts ...
Baltic Sea catchment
... Baltic Area Climate Change Assessment • Presently a warming is going on in the Baltic Sea region. • No formal detection and attribution studies available. • BACC considers it plausible that this warming is at least partly related to anthropogenic factors. • So far, and in the next few decades, the s ...
... Baltic Area Climate Change Assessment • Presently a warming is going on in the Baltic Sea region. • No formal detection and attribution studies available. • BACC considers it plausible that this warming is at least partly related to anthropogenic factors. • So far, and in the next few decades, the s ...
Effects of global warming
The effects of global warming are the environmental and social changes caused (directly or indirectly) by human emissions of greenhouse gases. There is a scientific consensus that climate change is occurring, and that human activities are the primary driver. Many impacts of climate change have already been observed, including glacier retreat, changes in the timing of seasonal events (e.g., earlier flowering of plants), and changes in agricultural productivity.Future effects of climate change will vary depending on climate change policies and social development. The two main policies to address climate change are reducing human greenhouse gas emissions (climate change mitigation) and adapting to the impacts of climate change. Geoengineering is another policy option.Near-term climate change policies could significantly affect long-term climate change impacts. Stringent mitigation policies might be able to limit global warming (in 2100) to around 2 °C or below, relative to pre-industrial levels. Without mitigation, increased energy demand and extensive use of fossil fuels might lead to global warming of around 4 °C. Higher magnitudes of global warming would be more difficult to adapt to, and would increase the risk of negative impacts.