Medical Biochemistry
... oxidized to acetate by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (AcDH). Acetaldehyde and acetate are toxic leading to the many side effects (the hangover) that are associated with alcohol consumption. The ADH and AcDH catalyzed reactions also leads to the reduction of NAD+ to NADH. The metabolic effects of ethano ...
... oxidized to acetate by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (AcDH). Acetaldehyde and acetate are toxic leading to the many side effects (the hangover) that are associated with alcohol consumption. The ADH and AcDH catalyzed reactions also leads to the reduction of NAD+ to NADH. The metabolic effects of ethano ...
Sugars
... The D and L families of sugars: Enantiomers - „mirror images“ (rotate polarized light in opposite directions → optical activity) Fischer projection: ...
... The D and L families of sugars: Enantiomers - „mirror images“ (rotate polarized light in opposite directions → optical activity) Fischer projection: ...
Reducing sugars
... The D and L families of sugars: Enantiomers - „mirror images“ (rotate polarized light in opposite directions → optical activity) ...
... The D and L families of sugars: Enantiomers - „mirror images“ (rotate polarized light in opposite directions → optical activity) ...
Materials and Methods S1.
... solution as mobile phase. Data were collected and processed using Millennium™ software (Waters). Glucose and lactic acid concentrations were calculated by the external standard method using aqueous standard solutions of glucose and lactic acid (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA). All analyses were run in tr ...
... solution as mobile phase. Data were collected and processed using Millennium™ software (Waters). Glucose and lactic acid concentrations were calculated by the external standard method using aqueous standard solutions of glucose and lactic acid (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA). All analyses were run in tr ...
2_Digestion of CHO_Students
... The sodium is transported from high to low concentration (with concentration gradient) and at the same time causes the carrier to transport glucose against its concentration gradient (from lower to higher concentrations) allowing for greater accumulation of glucose on one side of the membrane than o ...
... The sodium is transported from high to low concentration (with concentration gradient) and at the same time causes the carrier to transport glucose against its concentration gradient (from lower to higher concentrations) allowing for greater accumulation of glucose on one side of the membrane than o ...
Regulation of Gene Expression
... FIGURE 28–6 Representative bacterial operon. Genes A, B, and C are transcribed on one polycistronic mRNA. Typical regulatory sequences include binding sites for proteins that either activate or repress transcription from the promoter. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 6th Ed ...
... FIGURE 28–6 Representative bacterial operon. Genes A, B, and C are transcribed on one polycistronic mRNA. Typical regulatory sequences include binding sites for proteins that either activate or repress transcription from the promoter. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 6th Ed ...
2) α-D-xylose
... Not found free in nature, but as component of polysaccharides: Homopolysaccharides (e.g. mannosans) Heteropolysaccharides (e.g. hemicelluloses) It has a sweet taste followed by bitterness It’s not readily metabolized and used as osmotic diuvertic by parenteral ...
... Not found free in nature, but as component of polysaccharides: Homopolysaccharides (e.g. mannosans) Heteropolysaccharides (e.g. hemicelluloses) It has a sweet taste followed by bitterness It’s not readily metabolized and used as osmotic diuvertic by parenteral ...
EFFECT OF NUTRIENTS ON THE GENE EXPRESSION: Nutri
... • In the liver, glucose, in the presence of insulin, induces expression of genes encoding glucose transporters and glycolytic and lipogenic enzymes, e.g. L-type pyruvate kinase (L-PK), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and fatty acid synthase, and represses genes of the gluconeogenic pathway, such as t ...
... • In the liver, glucose, in the presence of insulin, induces expression of genes encoding glucose transporters and glycolytic and lipogenic enzymes, e.g. L-type pyruvate kinase (L-PK), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and fatty acid synthase, and represses genes of the gluconeogenic pathway, such as t ...
effect of protein on gene expression
... • Single cell organisms are able to adjust their metabolic capacity in response to variation in the nutrient supply in the culture medium e.g. nutrient dependent regulation of the lactose, histidine and tryptophane operons by their respective substrates has been well characterized in bacteria. • In ...
... • Single cell organisms are able to adjust their metabolic capacity in response to variation in the nutrient supply in the culture medium e.g. nutrient dependent regulation of the lactose, histidine and tryptophane operons by their respective substrates has been well characterized in bacteria. • In ...
16_Lecture_Presentation
... primary structure enzyme): lacZ, lacY, and lacA – Operon has upstream regulatory region consisting of operator and promoter (Figure 16-1) ...
... primary structure enzyme): lacZ, lacY, and lacA – Operon has upstream regulatory region consisting of operator and promoter (Figure 16-1) ...
Document
... result in a general inhibition of transcriptional activity. – How does this happen? – Presumably, specific transcription factors like Gal4p act by recruiting “basal” transcription factors. • In fact, some basal factors that physically interact with these transcription activating domains have been fo ...
... result in a general inhibition of transcriptional activity. – How does this happen? – Presumably, specific transcription factors like Gal4p act by recruiting “basal” transcription factors. • In fact, some basal factors that physically interact with these transcription activating domains have been fo ...
4 1. agribiotechnology 2. genetically modified organisms
... (A) 1 and 2. (B) 2, 4, and 5. (C) 3, 4, and 5. (D) 4 and 5. (E) only 2. 25. Which of the following enzymes becomes active when bound to Ca2+ and diacylglycerol. (A) protein kinase A. (B) protein kinase C. (C) phospholipase A1. (D) phospholipase A2. (E) phospholipase C. 26. Which of the following pro ...
... (A) 1 and 2. (B) 2, 4, and 5. (C) 3, 4, and 5. (D) 4 and 5. (E) only 2. 25. Which of the following enzymes becomes active when bound to Ca2+ and diacylglycerol. (A) protein kinase A. (B) protein kinase C. (C) phospholipase A1. (D) phospholipase A2. (E) phospholipase C. 26. Which of the following pro ...
The Genetic Control and Cytoplasmic Expression of "Inducibility" in
... gically able to synthesize significant amounts of enzyme very soon after mating. It was equally important to determine whether the mating involved any cytoplasmic mixing. These questions were investigated in a series of preliminary experiments. Since the physical separation of E. coli zygotes from u ...
... gically able to synthesize significant amounts of enzyme very soon after mating. It was equally important to determine whether the mating involved any cytoplasmic mixing. These questions were investigated in a series of preliminary experiments. Since the physical separation of E. coli zygotes from u ...
Gene Regulation
... • The lac operon is an inducible operon and contains genes that code for enzymes used in the hydrolysis and metabolism of lactose • By itself, the lac repressor is active and switches the lac operon off • A molecule called an inducer inactivates the repressor to turn the lac operon on ...
... • The lac operon is an inducible operon and contains genes that code for enzymes used in the hydrolysis and metabolism of lactose • By itself, the lac repressor is active and switches the lac operon off • A molecule called an inducer inactivates the repressor to turn the lac operon on ...
Supplementary Methods (doc 30K)
... Supplemental methods DNA Constructs and reagents The NF-кB p65 and p50 expression plasmids were used to produce full-length p65 and p50 protein. It was made by cloning PCR products into the HindIII and EcoRV sites of pFlag-CMV-2 expression vector as described before. (Hertlein E et al. 2005). The NF ...
... Supplemental methods DNA Constructs and reagents The NF-кB p65 and p50 expression plasmids were used to produce full-length p65 and p50 protein. It was made by cloning PCR products into the HindIII and EcoRV sites of pFlag-CMV-2 expression vector as described before. (Hertlein E et al. 2005). The NF ...
Slide 1
... Glucose formation Glucose anabolism Gluconeogenesis All refer to the process of making glucose from simpler components ...
... Glucose formation Glucose anabolism Gluconeogenesis All refer to the process of making glucose from simpler components ...
Gene Regulation Notes
... • One method employed by bacteria we have already discussed - feedback inhibition • Feedback inhibition can control biosynthetic pathways. ...
... • One method employed by bacteria we have already discussed - feedback inhibition • Feedback inhibition can control biosynthetic pathways. ...
Growth rate regulation of lac operon expression in Escherichia coli
... activation or repression of many promoters [10]. The intracellular cAMP concentrations or the ability of the cell to accumulate cAMP are di¡erent in di¡erent nutrient compositions [11]. Early studies showed that changes in the dilution rate do not vary the cAMP level in E. coli, but this may be due ...
... activation or repression of many promoters [10]. The intracellular cAMP concentrations or the ability of the cell to accumulate cAMP are di¡erent in di¡erent nutrient compositions [11]. Early studies showed that changes in the dilution rate do not vary the cAMP level in E. coli, but this may be due ...
Organic Molecules - Dublin City Schools
... e. All the above must be affected for the protein to be denatured ...
... e. All the above must be affected for the protein to be denatured ...
Chapter 27 Phage Strategies
... • The amino acid sequence of the recognition helix makes contacts with particular bases in the operator sequence that it recognizes. ...
... • The amino acid sequence of the recognition helix makes contacts with particular bases in the operator sequence that it recognizes. ...
Control of Gene Expression 3 - Dr. Kordula
... Figure 3. Taken from Lehninger et al. “Principles of Biochemistry” copyright © 2000 D. The combinatorial complexity of transcriptional control. The human genome encodes about 2000 transcription factors. Because of the (1) multiplicity of promoter elements, (2) the ability of the group of transc ...
... Figure 3. Taken from Lehninger et al. “Principles of Biochemistry” copyright © 2000 D. The combinatorial complexity of transcriptional control. The human genome encodes about 2000 transcription factors. Because of the (1) multiplicity of promoter elements, (2) the ability of the group of transc ...
Lac operon
lac operon (lactose operon) is an operon required for the transport and metabolism of lactose in Escherichia coli and many other enteric bacteria. Although glucose is the preferred carbon source for most bacteria, the lac operon allows for the effective digestion of lactose when glucose is not available. Gene regulation of the lac operon was the first genetic regulatory mechanism to be understood clearly, so it has become a foremost example of prokaryotic gene regulation. It is often discussed in introductory molecular and cellular biology classes at universities for this reason.Bacterial operons are polycistronic transcripts that are able to produce multiple proteins from one mRNA transcript. In this case, when lactose is required as a sugar source for the bacterium, the three genes of the lac operon can be expressed and their subsequent proteins translated: lacZ, lacY, and lacA. The gene product of lacZ is β-galactosidase which cleaves lactose, a disaccharide, into glucose and galactose. LacY encodes lactose permease, a protein which becomes embedded in the cytoplasmic membrane to enable transport of lactose into the cell. Finally, lacA encodes galactoside O-acetyltransferase. Layout of the lac operon.It would be wasteful to produce the enzymes when there is no lactose available or if there is a more preferable energy source available, such as glucose. The lac operon uses a two-part control mechanism to ensure that the cell expends energy producing the enzymes encoded by the lac operon only when necessary. In the absence of lactose, the lac repressor halts production of the enzymes encoded by the lac operon. In the presence of glucose, the catabolite activator protein (CAP), required for production of the enzymes, remains inactive, and EIIAGlc shuts down lactose permease to prevent transport of lactose into the cell. This dual control mechanism causes the sequential utilization of glucose and lactose in two distinct growth phases, known as diauxie.