Alvin_20.385_Presentation
... Our understanding of simple protein-DNA interaction is limited (CRP7/Om7) Bases that do not contact CRP can have impact in binding affinity Possible to create orthogonal pathways with small number of mutations ...
... Our understanding of simple protein-DNA interaction is limited (CRP7/Om7) Bases that do not contact CRP can have impact in binding affinity Possible to create orthogonal pathways with small number of mutations ...
BSA2013_EvidenceBasedGeneFinding_31Slides
... - Phenotypic consequences include male sterility and altered root growth. ...
... - Phenotypic consequences include male sterility and altered root growth. ...
Chapter 12
... (a) lac operon is "repressed" contains genes that code for Allolactose (inducer) RNA enzymes that break down the polymerase sugar lactose. P O Promoter Operator • The operon contains (b) lac operon is "induced" regulatory elements: the operator and promoter • Lactose affects a repressor mRNA protein ...
... (a) lac operon is "repressed" contains genes that code for Allolactose (inducer) RNA enzymes that break down the polymerase sugar lactose. P O Promoter Operator • The operon contains (b) lac operon is "induced" regulatory elements: the operator and promoter • Lactose affects a repressor mRNA protein ...
The Chemistry of Life
... Condensation reactions • Simply reverse the reaction arrow of the hydrolysis reactions • Requires a different type of enzyme – Covalent bonds are created (catalyzed) rather than broken (catabolized) ...
... Condensation reactions • Simply reverse the reaction arrow of the hydrolysis reactions • Requires a different type of enzyme – Covalent bonds are created (catalyzed) rather than broken (catabolized) ...
BiochemReview
... front of acceptor site. This makes a strange 5’-2’ bond. This is called the lariat. • 3) 3’ end of intron cleaved, and exons are joined. • All of this is done by snRNPs (small nuclear ...
... front of acceptor site. This makes a strange 5’-2’ bond. This is called the lariat. • 3) 3’ end of intron cleaved, and exons are joined. • All of this is done by snRNPs (small nuclear ...
The trp Operon
... indicates that the genetic information coded for in the DNA strand directs the production of proteins. The DNA is transcribed into RNA which is then translated into specific protein products. Operons are groups of genes operating together in prokaryotic cells to allow the formation of necessary prot ...
... indicates that the genetic information coded for in the DNA strand directs the production of proteins. The DNA is transcribed into RNA which is then translated into specific protein products. Operons are groups of genes operating together in prokaryotic cells to allow the formation of necessary prot ...
Lecture 4: Transcription networks – basic concepts 2.1 Introduction
... genes that they regulate. The environmental signals activate specific transcription factor proteins. The transcription factors, when active, bind DNA to change the transcription rate of specific target genes, the rate at which mRNA is produced. The mRNA is then translated into protein. Hence, transc ...
... genes that they regulate. The environmental signals activate specific transcription factor proteins. The transcription factors, when active, bind DNA to change the transcription rate of specific target genes, the rate at which mRNA is produced. The mRNA is then translated into protein. Hence, transc ...
Gene Cloning - Fort Bend ISD
... Plasmids that carry antibiotic resistant genes are used. • Bacteria that acquire the vector can grow on growth medium containing antibiotics where other bacteria cannot. • This allows selection for bacteria only carrying the vector. ...
... Plasmids that carry antibiotic resistant genes are used. • Bacteria that acquire the vector can grow on growth medium containing antibiotics where other bacteria cannot. • This allows selection for bacteria only carrying the vector. ...
Regulation of Metabolism
... ONE molecule of hormone binding can result in hundreds of cAMP molecules being produced inside the cell. This is called AMPLIFICATION. ...
... ONE molecule of hormone binding can result in hundreds of cAMP molecules being produced inside the cell. This is called AMPLIFICATION. ...
Genetic pathway analysis
... Gain-of-function mutations can be used to order genes in positive regulatory pathway. Since loss-of-function mutations in ced-3 and ced-4 result in a loss of apoptosis, canʼt order genes with these mutations. But can artificially create gain-of-function ced-3 or ced-4 by overexpressing proteins in ...
... Gain-of-function mutations can be used to order genes in positive regulatory pathway. Since loss-of-function mutations in ced-3 and ced-4 result in a loss of apoptosis, canʼt order genes with these mutations. But can artificially create gain-of-function ced-3 or ced-4 by overexpressing proteins in ...
Biomolecule 20 Questions
... 20) How are genes used by cells to build proteins? A) DNA is transcribed into an amino acid sequence. B) The genes in RNA direct the synthesis of proteins directly. C) The genes in RNA direct the synthesis of a DNA molecule, which is used to build a protein. D) The genes in DNA direct the synthesis ...
... 20) How are genes used by cells to build proteins? A) DNA is transcribed into an amino acid sequence. B) The genes in RNA direct the synthesis of proteins directly. C) The genes in RNA direct the synthesis of a DNA molecule, which is used to build a protein. D) The genes in DNA direct the synthesis ...
Carbohydrate Metabolism
... Digestion of carbohydrate by salivary α -amylase (ptylin) in the mouth: A. This enzyme is produced by salivary glands. Its optimum pH is 6.7. B. It is activated by chloride ions (cl-). C. It acts on cooked starch and glycogen breaking α 1-4 bonds, converting them into maltose [a disaccharide contain ...
... Digestion of carbohydrate by salivary α -amylase (ptylin) in the mouth: A. This enzyme is produced by salivary glands. Its optimum pH is 6.7. B. It is activated by chloride ions (cl-). C. It acts on cooked starch and glycogen breaking α 1-4 bonds, converting them into maltose [a disaccharide contain ...
TRIPLE SUGAR IRON AGAR
... There are 3 possibilities of sugar reactions and different reactions in different areas (butt vs. slant) of the medium, so the physiology behind it is pretty complex. The outcome of sugar use is always acid, so the pH indicator phenol red will turn yellow---reported as A. No use of the sugar or alka ...
... There are 3 possibilities of sugar reactions and different reactions in different areas (butt vs. slant) of the medium, so the physiology behind it is pretty complex. The outcome of sugar use is always acid, so the pH indicator phenol red will turn yellow---reported as A. No use of the sugar or alka ...
Full size lecture slides (PDF file, 660 kB)
... amino acids (i.e. the sequence of amino acids) • Secondary structure : results from folding/bending of the polypeptide chain – this folding is determined by where the hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acids are • Once secondary structure has formed it folds back upon itself to form an even more stab ...
... amino acids (i.e. the sequence of amino acids) • Secondary structure : results from folding/bending of the polypeptide chain – this folding is determined by where the hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acids are • Once secondary structure has formed it folds back upon itself to form an even more stab ...
Gene_expression
... the DNA and help to control gene expression. We call the sequences to which they bind transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs), which are a type of cis-regulatory sequence. ...
... the DNA and help to control gene expression. We call the sequences to which they bind transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs), which are a type of cis-regulatory sequence. ...
Document
... NADP+, not NAD +, is used as hydrogen acceptor 1st phase ; Oxidative Phase This phase produces pentose phosphates and NADPH - Glucose 6-phosphate undergoes dehydrogenation and decarboxylation to give a pentose, ribulose 5-phosphate, which is converted to its isomer, D-ribose 5-phosphate. - Overall e ...
... NADP+, not NAD +, is used as hydrogen acceptor 1st phase ; Oxidative Phase This phase produces pentose phosphates and NADPH - Glucose 6-phosphate undergoes dehydrogenation and decarboxylation to give a pentose, ribulose 5-phosphate, which is converted to its isomer, D-ribose 5-phosphate. - Overall e ...
The Blueprint of Life, From DNA to Protein
... • The control region include the operator and the promoter – The operator acts as the “on-off” switch ...
... • The control region include the operator and the promoter – The operator acts as the “on-off” switch ...
in the promoter?
... it’s about 2600 nucleotides long. The receptor is located on the surface of pituitary cells. It responds to a 44-aa peptide called SOMATOCRININ or HGRH. If this receptor is not present and functional, HGH is not released, and very short stature is the result. The transcription factor Pit-1 binds to ...
... it’s about 2600 nucleotides long. The receptor is located on the surface of pituitary cells. It responds to a 44-aa peptide called SOMATOCRININ or HGRH. If this receptor is not present and functional, HGH is not released, and very short stature is the result. The transcription factor Pit-1 binds to ...
Exam #2 Bio310 Microbiology F`06 11/15/06
... dominate the niche. Regulating transcription saves energy by not transcribing genes that are not currently needed. ...
... dominate the niche. Regulating transcription saves energy by not transcribing genes that are not currently needed. ...
T Dx test II
... offspring d. strength, in a predator e. fleetness, in a prey 46) Steroid hormones take longer than other hormones to produce their effect. This is because a. their target cells must formulate new proteins before an effect can take place b. second messengers act slowly c. they are large molecules and ...
... offspring d. strength, in a predator e. fleetness, in a prey 46) Steroid hormones take longer than other hormones to produce their effect. This is because a. their target cells must formulate new proteins before an effect can take place b. second messengers act slowly c. they are large molecules and ...
Document
... •when tryptophan is present – the operon does not need to be functional •tryptophan acts as a co-repressor & binds the repressor protein •this allows the repressor to bind and repress the function of the operator •MUCH lower downstream gene expression vs. when the operon is ON ...
... •when tryptophan is present – the operon does not need to be functional •tryptophan acts as a co-repressor & binds the repressor protein •this allows the repressor to bind and repress the function of the operator •MUCH lower downstream gene expression vs. when the operon is ON ...
GFP
... •Secreted outside the cell (can assay sample repeatedly and non-destructively by sampling culture medium) •This protein is quantified directly by measuring the enzyme activity in the supernatant of the culture ...
... •Secreted outside the cell (can assay sample repeatedly and non-destructively by sampling culture medium) •This protein is quantified directly by measuring the enzyme activity in the supernatant of the culture ...
Lac operon
lac operon (lactose operon) is an operon required for the transport and metabolism of lactose in Escherichia coli and many other enteric bacteria. Although glucose is the preferred carbon source for most bacteria, the lac operon allows for the effective digestion of lactose when glucose is not available. Gene regulation of the lac operon was the first genetic regulatory mechanism to be understood clearly, so it has become a foremost example of prokaryotic gene regulation. It is often discussed in introductory molecular and cellular biology classes at universities for this reason.Bacterial operons are polycistronic transcripts that are able to produce multiple proteins from one mRNA transcript. In this case, when lactose is required as a sugar source for the bacterium, the three genes of the lac operon can be expressed and their subsequent proteins translated: lacZ, lacY, and lacA. The gene product of lacZ is β-galactosidase which cleaves lactose, a disaccharide, into glucose and galactose. LacY encodes lactose permease, a protein which becomes embedded in the cytoplasmic membrane to enable transport of lactose into the cell. Finally, lacA encodes galactoside O-acetyltransferase. Layout of the lac operon.It would be wasteful to produce the enzymes when there is no lactose available or if there is a more preferable energy source available, such as glucose. The lac operon uses a two-part control mechanism to ensure that the cell expends energy producing the enzymes encoded by the lac operon only when necessary. In the absence of lactose, the lac repressor halts production of the enzymes encoded by the lac operon. In the presence of glucose, the catabolite activator protein (CAP), required for production of the enzymes, remains inactive, and EIIAGlc shuts down lactose permease to prevent transport of lactose into the cell. This dual control mechanism causes the sequential utilization of glucose and lactose in two distinct growth phases, known as diauxie.