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International climate policy after Copenhagen: towards a ‘building blocks’ approach: Working Paper No. 21 (303 kB) (opens in new window)
... difficult and the Kyoto Protocol only entered into force in February 2005, after a prolonged struggle to muster a sufficient number of ratifications. The Kyoto Protocol was also more limited in its scope compared to the Montreal Protocol and its subsequent revisions. Commitments to reduce greenhouse ...
... difficult and the Kyoto Protocol only entered into force in February 2005, after a prolonged struggle to muster a sufficient number of ratifications. The Kyoto Protocol was also more limited in its scope compared to the Montreal Protocol and its subsequent revisions. Commitments to reduce greenhouse ...
2. Data and Methodology
... different for each season, the change rate of annual mean temperatures was better simulated with ...
... different for each season, the change rate of annual mean temperatures was better simulated with ...
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... shadow values of land would increase substantially. Introduction Increased concern for the environment in the past decade has resulted in a greater awareness of mankind's interrelationships with the environment. On one front, it has become quite widely accepted that "human activities have the potent ...
... shadow values of land would increase substantially. Introduction Increased concern for the environment in the past decade has resulted in a greater awareness of mankind's interrelationships with the environment. On one front, it has become quite widely accepted that "human activities have the potent ...
7 - WWF
... their comments and to rate the adaptation options. To ease the process, each audience reviewer could only review one section of the seven listed, and this would be chosen at random. The reviewing could take place by email submission from interested parties, or by online form submission at the WWF pa ...
... their comments and to rate the adaptation options. To ease the process, each audience reviewer could only review one section of the seven listed, and this would be chosen at random. The reviewing could take place by email submission from interested parties, or by online form submission at the WWF pa ...
Resilience an approach for urban climate change
... will increase about 5% compared to that of the period 1980-1999, by mid 21st century sea level is expected to increase about 30cm and sea level would rise about 75cm by the end of 21st century. (Source: Climate change and sea level rise scenarios for Vietnam). All of above factors will effect on urb ...
... will increase about 5% compared to that of the period 1980-1999, by mid 21st century sea level is expected to increase about 30cm and sea level would rise about 75cm by the end of 21st century. (Source: Climate change and sea level rise scenarios for Vietnam). All of above factors will effect on urb ...
Environmental Justice and Climate Change in Latin America
... and droughts), cold and heat waves, and ocean acidification, affecting both the quality and quantity of water, ecosystems, and other natural resources. There is also considerable concern regarding effects on economic activities, human health, and well-being. Local people, politicians, and scientists ...
... and droughts), cold and heat waves, and ocean acidification, affecting both the quality and quantity of water, ecosystems, and other natural resources. There is also considerable concern regarding effects on economic activities, human health, and well-being. Local people, politicians, and scientists ...
Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Water Availability
... 20% below normal. In 1952-1956, average annual precipitation across Illinois averaged 18% below normal. For that five-year period, average annual temperature was 2.1oF above normal. Average annual runoff for Illinois during the five-year period was approximately 48% below normal. This runoff estimat ...
... 20% below normal. In 1952-1956, average annual precipitation across Illinois averaged 18% below normal. For that five-year period, average annual temperature was 2.1oF above normal. Average annual runoff for Illinois during the five-year period was approximately 48% below normal. This runoff estimat ...
What is the Climate System and How are we Altering It?
... forcing, while each vertical line is an estimate of the uncertainty range associated with the forcing guided by the spread in the published record and physical understanding, and with no statistical connotation. Each forcing agent is associated with a level of scientific understanding, which is base ...
... forcing, while each vertical line is an estimate of the uncertainty range associated with the forcing guided by the spread in the published record and physical understanding, and with no statistical connotation. Each forcing agent is associated with a level of scientific understanding, which is base ...
Curitiba, the Environmental Capital of the Southern Hemisphere
... Stabilising and improving consumption is a major issue and an important objective in all sustainable development strategies. The Charter of European Sustainable Cities and Towns recognises that decreasing consumption levels may be an overambitious aim. Consuming better goods instead of more goods co ...
... Stabilising and improving consumption is a major issue and an important objective in all sustainable development strategies. The Charter of European Sustainable Cities and Towns recognises that decreasing consumption levels may be an overambitious aim. Consuming better goods instead of more goods co ...
Coping with the uncertainties in the climate change adaptation of
... The projections of future climate from two GCMs, CSIRO-Mk3.0 (CSMK3) and GFD-CM2.0 (GFCM20), were selected based on their performances of simulating the historical climate (Wang et. al. 2011). Both of the GCMs provided the projections from 2070 to 2099 under three GHG emission scenarios. Since no re ...
... The projections of future climate from two GCMs, CSIRO-Mk3.0 (CSMK3) and GFD-CM2.0 (GFCM20), were selected based on their performances of simulating the historical climate (Wang et. al. 2011). Both of the GCMs provided the projections from 2070 to 2099 under three GHG emission scenarios. Since no re ...
Climate Change Effects on Avian Migration
... In 1845, the Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters reorganised the collection of phenological records in Finland, originally started in 1750 by Professor Leche (Leche 1763; Haartman and Söderholm-Tana 1983). The initiative came from Carl von Linné, who had worked on plant phenological calendars (L ...
... In 1845, the Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters reorganised the collection of phenological records in Finland, originally started in 1750 by Professor Leche (Leche 1763; Haartman and Söderholm-Tana 1983). The initiative came from Carl von Linné, who had worked on plant phenological calendars (L ...
Assessing the Crop Growing Period According to the Climate Change
... To conduct this study, we used daily precipitation data, and the maximum and minimum temperatures, of eleven weather stations located inside (6 stations) and outside (5 stations) the study area (Figure 1). These data derive from a database of climate forecasts available on the Spanish State Meteorol ...
... To conduct this study, we used daily precipitation data, and the maximum and minimum temperatures, of eleven weather stations located inside (6 stations) and outside (5 stations) the study area (Figure 1). These data derive from a database of climate forecasts available on the Spanish State Meteorol ...
Climate change and livestock production in Ethiopia
... amount of forage from grasslands may be affected and there may be direct effects on livestock due to higher temperatures. The harsh effect of climate change is expected to have maximum impact on vulnerable pastoral communities engaged in extensive livestock production systems in dry-lands (Saidu and ...
... amount of forage from grasslands may be affected and there may be direct effects on livestock due to higher temperatures. The harsh effect of climate change is expected to have maximum impact on vulnerable pastoral communities engaged in extensive livestock production systems in dry-lands (Saidu and ...
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... policies and promoting diversity of crops. The reports on the water availability in eight states that overlie the aquifer concluded that the volume of water in storage in year 2000 was about 6 percent less than the total water in storage prior to expensive irrigation (Mcguire et al. 2000). Their eva ...
... policies and promoting diversity of crops. The reports on the water availability in eight states that overlie the aquifer concluded that the volume of water in storage in year 2000 was about 6 percent less than the total water in storage prior to expensive irrigation (Mcguire et al. 2000). Their eva ...
The Paris Agreement is a sham: Nicaragua`s perspective
... similar happens to wastewater, most of it is discharged into the ocean or river without any treatment. The main hazards due to climate change in Nicaragua are: floods, droughts, forest fires, among others33. From 1996 to 2015, Nicaragua was the fourth country most affected by extreme weather events ...
... similar happens to wastewater, most of it is discharged into the ocean or river without any treatment. The main hazards due to climate change in Nicaragua are: floods, droughts, forest fires, among others33. From 1996 to 2015, Nicaragua was the fourth country most affected by extreme weather events ...
Climate Change in Turkmenistan - Grand Valley State University
... these institutional transformations, affecting vegetation–climate feedbacks at multiple spatial and temporal scales. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), developing nations and arid regions of the world are particularly vulnerable to cli ...
... these institutional transformations, affecting vegetation–climate feedbacks at multiple spatial and temporal scales. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), developing nations and arid regions of the world are particularly vulnerable to cli ...
Climate, Glaciers and Permafrost in the Swiss Alps
... ensional geo-information system, which was built up as a tool for environmental planning in high mountain areas. Another case of a future hazard potential from flood waves caused by rock/ice avalanches from high/steep rock walls with warming permafrost into a modeled future lake replacing the now ex ...
... ensional geo-information system, which was built up as a tool for environmental planning in high mountain areas. Another case of a future hazard potential from flood waves caused by rock/ice avalanches from high/steep rock walls with warming permafrost into a modeled future lake replacing the now ex ...
The Influence of Climate Change on Global Crop Productivity
... David B. Lobell* and Sharon M. Gourdji Department of Environmental Earth System Science and Center on Food Security and the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 ...
... David B. Lobell* and Sharon M. Gourdji Department of Environmental Earth System Science and Center on Food Security and the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 ...
Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) Drivers, Needs
... Representative of Regional Specialist Climate Change Mitigation, UNDP-GEF Meister Consultants Group J-CCCP Inception Workshop Jan 26-27, 2016 Barbados ...
... Representative of Regional Specialist Climate Change Mitigation, UNDP-GEF Meister Consultants Group J-CCCP Inception Workshop Jan 26-27, 2016 Barbados ...
high confidence
... [low confidence, limited evidence, low agreement], assuming no change in emissions, but the implications for future particulate pollution (which is more health-damaging) are very uncertain Higher temperatures may have affected trends in ground level tropospheric ozone [low confidence] Climate change ...
... [low confidence, limited evidence, low agreement], assuming no change in emissions, but the implications for future particulate pollution (which is more health-damaging) are very uncertain Higher temperatures may have affected trends in ground level tropospheric ozone [low confidence] Climate change ...
The Cost of Climate Change: What We`ll Pay if
... in covered sectors and will drive investment toward the least costly reduction strategies. If properly designed to support efficiency and innovation, such a program can actually reduce energy bills for many consumers and businesses. A successful program will include 1) a long-term declining cap, 2) ...
... in covered sectors and will drive investment toward the least costly reduction strategies. If properly designed to support efficiency and innovation, such a program can actually reduce energy bills for many consumers and businesses. A successful program will include 1) a long-term declining cap, 2) ...
False Solutions - Rising Tide North America
... coal, oil and gas companies who wish to carry on polluting. Carbon trading is the architecture supporting all other false solutions. The Kyoto Protocol’s “Clean Development Mechanism” (CDM) is the largest offset market in the world. As part of the Kyoto Protocol, it was established to allow wealthy ...
... coal, oil and gas companies who wish to carry on polluting. Carbon trading is the architecture supporting all other false solutions. The Kyoto Protocol’s “Clean Development Mechanism” (CDM) is the largest offset market in the world. As part of the Kyoto Protocol, it was established to allow wealthy ...
Section 4: Investigating the changing environment
... They are available for online and print use (http://www.tessafrica.net). The Primary OERs are available in several versions and languages (English, French, Arabic and Swahili). Initially, the OER were produced in English and made relevant across Africa. These OER have been versioned by TESSA partner ...
... They are available for online and print use (http://www.tessafrica.net). The Primary OERs are available in several versions and languages (English, French, Arabic and Swahili). Initially, the OER were produced in English and made relevant across Africa. These OER have been versioned by TESSA partner ...
WMO The Global Climate in 2011–2015
... adaptation into national development policies. While the Paris Agreement engages governments in pursuing efforts to limit the global temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels, this report confirms that the average temperature in 2015 had already risen by more than one degree (with 2 ...
... adaptation into national development policies. While the Paris Agreement engages governments in pursuing efforts to limit the global temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels, this report confirms that the average temperature in 2015 had already risen by more than one degree (with 2 ...
8. Human Health
... population growth rates in Africa will increase the burden of malaria for at least the next several decades. Further, there is evidence that malaria is becoming more difficult to control and that the intensity of malaria transmission is increasing. A country-level model was developed to show how the ...
... population growth rates in Africa will increase the burden of malaria for at least the next several decades. Further, there is evidence that malaria is becoming more difficult to control and that the intensity of malaria transmission is increasing. A country-level model was developed to show how the ...
Climate change in the United States
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/U.S._Temperature_Record_(1950_to_2009)_(PNG).png?width=300)
Because of global warming, there has been concern in the United States and internationally, that the country should reduce total greenhouse gas which is relatively high per capita.In 2012, the United States experienced its warmest year on record. As of 2012, the thirteen warmest years for the entire planet have all occurred since 1998, transcending those from 1880.From 1950 to 2009, the American government's surface temperature record shows an increase by 1 °F (0.56 °C), approximately. Global warming has caused many changes in the U.S. According to a 2009 statement by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), trends include lake and river ice melting earlier in the spring, plants blooming earlier, multiple animal species shifting their habitat ranges northward, and reductions in the size of glaciers.Predicting future climate changes are fraught with difficultly. Some research has warned against possible problems due to American climate changes such as the spread of invasive species and possibilities of floods as well as droughts. Changes in climate in the regions of the United States appear significant. Drought conditions appear to be worsening in the southwest while improving in the northeast for example.President Barack Obama committed in the December 2009 Copenhagen Climate Change Summit to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the range of 17% below 2005 levels by 2020, 42% below 2005 levels by 2030, and 83% below 2005 levels by 2050. In an address towards the U.S. Congress in June 2013, Obama detailed a specific action plan to achieve the 17% carbon emissions cut from 2005 by 2020. He included such measures as shifting from coal-based power generation to solar and natural gas production.