The Climate of Middle Earth
... a spherical world, and it is likely that other equally-valid, or better solutions could be found, which could influence the results. Finally, many of the legends associated with Middle Earth (such as the discovery and final destruction of the One Ring) actually took place in the Third Age - here I a ...
... a spherical world, and it is likely that other equally-valid, or better solutions could be found, which could influence the results. Finally, many of the legends associated with Middle Earth (such as the discovery and final destruction of the One Ring) actually took place in the Third Age - here I a ...
Biospheric Changes Are Threat Multipliers
... More acidic oceanic water will reduce carbon dioxide absorption from the atmosphere, thus increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. Oceanic water changes will affect the rate of climate change, which will then affect agricultural productivity and the spread of tropical pests and diseases. ...
... More acidic oceanic water will reduce carbon dioxide absorption from the atmosphere, thus increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. Oceanic water changes will affect the rate of climate change, which will then affect agricultural productivity and the spread of tropical pests and diseases. ...
Two Kinds of Climate Justice: Avoiding Harm and Sharing Burdens
... in ways that distribute the harms equitably (jus in bello).6 Another case where we face a similar dilemma might include dealing with the financial crisis. On the one hand, we might say ‘it’s crucial that we have a stable economy and therefore there is a case for bailing out the banks’. On the other ...
... in ways that distribute the harms equitably (jus in bello).6 Another case where we face a similar dilemma might include dealing with the financial crisis. On the one hand, we might say ‘it’s crucial that we have a stable economy and therefore there is a case for bailing out the banks’. On the other ...
Implications of Climate Changes in the Wider Caribbean Region
... made by each Task Team involve a common scenario, and although not specified in the Terms of Reference, the Task Team for the Wider Caribbean Regions chose to separately question the validity of the scenario as it applies to the local marine and coastal environment. Many climate change scenarios hav ...
... made by each Task Team involve a common scenario, and although not specified in the Terms of Reference, the Task Team for the Wider Caribbean Regions chose to separately question the validity of the scenario as it applies to the local marine and coastal environment. Many climate change scenarios hav ...
Globalization, Climate Change, and Human Health
... Without substantial and prompt international action to abate these emissions, average global temperatures (relative to the year 2000) are likely to rise by 1 to 2°C by 2050 and by 3 to 4°C by 2100, including increases of up to 6 to 7°C at high northern latitudes.33,34 Additional warming of another 0 ...
... Without substantial and prompt international action to abate these emissions, average global temperatures (relative to the year 2000) are likely to rise by 1 to 2°C by 2050 and by 3 to 4°C by 2100, including increases of up to 6 to 7°C at high northern latitudes.33,34 Additional warming of another 0 ...
... Large reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions will be required if dangerous and irreversible climate impacts are to be avoided. The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Kyoto Protocol provide the basis for international action to address climate change. The UNFCCC objectiv ...
S1 File.
... 119 km and habitat area increased by an additional 11.6% relative to the first time horizon. Overall this resulted in a net increase of 40% of habitat area relative to the 1961-1990 modeled distribution (16). However, the deciduous trees that wood thrushes select for nesting are unlikely to move no ...
... 119 km and habitat area increased by an additional 11.6% relative to the first time horizon. Overall this resulted in a net increase of 40% of habitat area relative to the 1961-1990 modeled distribution (16). However, the deciduous trees that wood thrushes select for nesting are unlikely to move no ...
compilation of experiences in the field of climate change
... Pastoralism2 has been described as “the finely-honed symbiotic relationship between local ecology, domesticated livestock and people in resource-scarce, climatically marginal and often highly variable conditions” (Davies and Nori 2008). In dry and sub-humid lands, pastoral livelihoods continuously a ...
... Pastoralism2 has been described as “the finely-honed symbiotic relationship between local ecology, domesticated livestock and people in resource-scarce, climatically marginal and often highly variable conditions” (Davies and Nori 2008). In dry and sub-humid lands, pastoral livelihoods continuously a ...
Document
... to the task at hand. The Protocol’s lone goal is to stabilize atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) by reducing global anthropogenic emissions.5 However, most observers agree that the Protocol, as designed, cannot possibly achieve that goal. 6 Even on the doubtful assumption that all ...
... to the task at hand. The Protocol’s lone goal is to stabilize atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) by reducing global anthropogenic emissions.5 However, most observers agree that the Protocol, as designed, cannot possibly achieve that goal. 6 Even on the doubtful assumption that all ...
Climatic change in mountain regions: a review of
... result in shifts in seasonal snow pack (Dettinger et al., 2002); glacier melt influences discharge rates and timing in the rivers that originate in mountains. In temperate mountain regions, the snow-pack is often close to its melting point, so that it may respond rapidly to apparently minor changes ...
... result in shifts in seasonal snow pack (Dettinger et al., 2002); glacier melt influences discharge rates and timing in the rivers that originate in mountains. In temperate mountain regions, the snow-pack is often close to its melting point, so that it may respond rapidly to apparently minor changes ...
spline models of contemporary, 2030, 2060 and 2090 climates for
... emission scenarios (A “pessimistic” and B “optimistic”). Mean annual temperature (MAT), mean annual precipitation (MAP), annual degree days > 5 °C (DD5), and annual aridity index (DD50.5/MAP) were mapped for Michoacán at an 1 km2 scale, and means were estimated averaging all weather stations. The st ...
... emission scenarios (A “pessimistic” and B “optimistic”). Mean annual temperature (MAT), mean annual precipitation (MAP), annual degree days > 5 °C (DD5), and annual aridity index (DD50.5/MAP) were mapped for Michoacán at an 1 km2 scale, and means were estimated averaging all weather stations. The st ...
Report on climate change and migration scenario
... This estimate puts climate change displacements second in rank after development project displacements (e.g. the 1.2 million official displaced migrants caused by the Three Gorges Project that dams China’s Yangtze River/Chang Jiang). A figure of 250 million is proposed or about 5.5 million per year ...
... This estimate puts climate change displacements second in rank after development project displacements (e.g. the 1.2 million official displaced migrants caused by the Three Gorges Project that dams China’s Yangtze River/Chang Jiang). A figure of 250 million is proposed or about 5.5 million per year ...
Reducing Risks, Enhancing Resilience
... decision-makers in communities with maps to build on the land and water productivity of their area. While working with the governance structures in these pastoral and agro-pastoral communities, collective action, trust and partnership was sought in order to subsequently minimise the drought-related ...
... decision-makers in communities with maps to build on the land and water productivity of their area. While working with the governance structures in these pastoral and agro-pastoral communities, collective action, trust and partnership was sought in order to subsequently minimise the drought-related ...
El Ni˜no Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and global - adv
... 3 Observed global climate variability and change Climate variability and change over the 20th century have been detected in the observational records. In its assessment of the scientific literature, the IPCC (2001) concluded “an increasing body of observations gives a collective picture of a warming ...
... 3 Observed global climate variability and change Climate variability and change over the 20th century have been detected in the observational records. In its assessment of the scientific literature, the IPCC (2001) concluded “an increasing body of observations gives a collective picture of a warming ...
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSRJMCE)
... exceedance than assimilative capacity of the present network. Recommended adaptation measures showed tendency to apply hard engineering structures for shoreline protection. Furthermore, required improvements for upgrading the drainage network and increasing its capacity have been concluded. In order ...
... exceedance than assimilative capacity of the present network. Recommended adaptation measures showed tendency to apply hard engineering structures for shoreline protection. Furthermore, required improvements for upgrading the drainage network and increasing its capacity have been concluded. In order ...
presentation
... Advancing Key Components for Comprehensive Climate Change Risk and Adaptation Science Matthias Garschagen & Joern Birkmann • To date strong focus on bio-geo-physical scenarios for climate change hazards • However scenarios for societal development, particularly in terms of the implications for vulne ...
... Advancing Key Components for Comprehensive Climate Change Risk and Adaptation Science Matthias Garschagen & Joern Birkmann • To date strong focus on bio-geo-physical scenarios for climate change hazards • However scenarios for societal development, particularly in terms of the implications for vulne ...
Chapter Climate Change 2014 Synthesis Report Summary for
... such assessment is possible (medium confidence). The globally averaged combined land and ocean surface temperature data as calculated by a linear trend show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C 2 over the period 1880 to 2012, when multiple independently produced datasets exist (Figure SPM.1a). {1.1.1 ...
... such assessment is possible (medium confidence). The globally averaged combined land and ocean surface temperature data as calculated by a linear trend show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C 2 over the period 1880 to 2012, when multiple independently produced datasets exist (Figure SPM.1a). {1.1.1 ...
Molecular Evolution
... from long-term average. Note the long-term increase in the number of dry days and the peak in 1987, which is the year of the disappearance of the golden toad. Reproduced with permission from Nature . ...
... from long-term average. Note the long-term increase in the number of dry days and the peak in 1987, which is the year of the disappearance of the golden toad. Reproduced with permission from Nature . ...
Time for action? Options to address climate change Bert Metz
... [1] This is global GDP based market exchange rates. [2] The median and the 10th and 90th percentile range of the analyzed data are given. [3] The calculation of the reduction of the annual growth rate is based on the average reduction during the period till 2030 that would result in the indicated GD ...
... [1] This is global GDP based market exchange rates. [2] The median and the 10th and 90th percentile range of the analyzed data are given. [3] The calculation of the reduction of the annual growth rate is based on the average reduction during the period till 2030 that would result in the indicated GD ...
Combating Climate Change by Keeping Land in
... ● According to AFT’s Greener Fields report, an acre of farmland emits 66x fewer greenhouse gases than an acre of developed land. ● Keeping land in farming and promoting good stewardship of the land is an important tool for achieving reductions in GHG emissions. ● If the annual rate of farmland loss ...
... ● According to AFT’s Greener Fields report, an acre of farmland emits 66x fewer greenhouse gases than an acre of developed land. ● Keeping land in farming and promoting good stewardship of the land is an important tool for achieving reductions in GHG emissions. ● If the annual rate of farmland loss ...
PDF
... necessitates the development and use of models capable of tracing the main interactions, links and feedbacks. Models are necessary in order to understand the issues involved and to derive e¢ cient policies. It is clear that, in order to attain these objectives, these models should be coupled models ...
... necessitates the development and use of models capable of tracing the main interactions, links and feedbacks. Models are necessary in order to understand the issues involved and to derive e¢ cient policies. It is clear that, in order to attain these objectives, these models should be coupled models ...
Environmental effects of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide
... infancy despite recent substantial strides in knowledge. Their potential climatological impacts have been studied using a variety of computer simulations, from simple 1-dimensional models to complex 3-dimensional, coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models (GCMs). The credibility of the cal ...
... infancy despite recent substantial strides in knowledge. Their potential climatological impacts have been studied using a variety of computer simulations, from simple 1-dimensional models to complex 3-dimensional, coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models (GCMs). The credibility of the cal ...
PDF
... Copyright 2012 by L. Menapace, G. Colson and R. Raffaelli. All rights reserved. Readers may make verbatim copies of this document for non-commercial purposes by any means, provided that this copyright notice appears on all such copies. ...
... Copyright 2012 by L. Menapace, G. Colson and R. Raffaelli. All rights reserved. Readers may make verbatim copies of this document for non-commercial purposes by any means, provided that this copyright notice appears on all such copies. ...
Ms. Cassandra Carter Climate Change Intern Ministry of Natural
... brook trout) are already responding to climate change as well as other impacts. While a number of species, for whom climate change is a key threat, are at risk and managed under MNRF‐led recovery strategies (e.g., caribou, wolverine, lake sturgeon). Again, MNRF’s recovery strategies emphasize that ...
... brook trout) are already responding to climate change as well as other impacts. While a number of species, for whom climate change is a key threat, are at risk and managed under MNRF‐led recovery strategies (e.g., caribou, wolverine, lake sturgeon). Again, MNRF’s recovery strategies emphasize that ...
changes in high flows in Sweden in the past and the future (1911
... Schmocker-Fackel and Naef, 2010) or process-based numerical modeling and a scenario approach (e.g., Dankers and Feyen, 2008; Arheimer et al., 2012; Bergström et al., 2012). Both these strategies have potential advantages but also many challenges, as discussed by Hall et al. (2014). The two fundament ...
... Schmocker-Fackel and Naef, 2010) or process-based numerical modeling and a scenario approach (e.g., Dankers and Feyen, 2008; Arheimer et al., 2012; Bergström et al., 2012). Both these strategies have potential advantages but also many challenges, as discussed by Hall et al. (2014). The two fundament ...
Solar radiation management
Solar radiation management (SRM) projects (proposed and theoretical) are a type of climate engineering which seek to reflect sunlight and thus reduce global warming. Proposed examples include the creation of stratospheric sulfate aerosols. They would not reduce greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, and thus do not address problems such as ocean acidification caused by excess carbon dioxide (CO2). Their principal advantages as an approach to climate engineering is the speed with which they can be deployed and become fully active, as well as their potential low financial cost. By comparison, other climate engineering techniques based on greenhouse gas remediation, such as ocean iron fertilization, need to sequester the anthropogenic carbon excess before any reversal of global warming would occur. Solar radiation management projects can therefore be used as a climate engineering ""quick fix"" while levels of greenhouse gases can be brought under control by greenhouse gas remediation techniques.