Coral Bleaching 1 2 - UW Atmospheric Sciences
... – The small change has caused mass‐coral mortality events around the world (especially during the warm summers over the last 10 years) (1) – The intense 1998 El Niño warmed the western Pacific, and Indian Oceans. What followed was widespread coral bleaching and mass coral mortality. Ocean warmi ...
... – The small change has caused mass‐coral mortality events around the world (especially during the warm summers over the last 10 years) (1) – The intense 1998 El Niño warmed the western Pacific, and Indian Oceans. What followed was widespread coral bleaching and mass coral mortality. Ocean warmi ...
Trading of Carbon Credits Policy
... in the country’s emissions of greenhouse gases – particularly carbon dioxide (CO2) -- and carbon footprint, thereby reducing the country’s contribution to this global problem. Jamaica is a signatory to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Kyoto Protocol which ma ...
... in the country’s emissions of greenhouse gases – particularly carbon dioxide (CO2) -- and carbon footprint, thereby reducing the country’s contribution to this global problem. Jamaica is a signatory to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Kyoto Protocol which ma ...
The Long-Run Effects of Climate Change on Conflict
... This together with record levels of precipitation preceded or followed by drought drastically reduced agricultural productivity, which led to famine and extensive conflict of various forms (e.g., rebellions, foreign invasions). There was temporal and spatial variation in the intensity of cooling. Fo ...
... This together with record levels of precipitation preceded or followed by drought drastically reduced agricultural productivity, which led to famine and extensive conflict of various forms (e.g., rebellions, foreign invasions). There was temporal and spatial variation in the intensity of cooling. Fo ...
Common Concern and Global Public Goods: Evidence, Bits and
... of mitigation and adaptation, many uncertainties persist. One of the biggest problems is the difficulty of defining the appropriate costs of climate change and of opportunity costs thereof. Both are crucial for future cost–benefit analysis.6 As projection periods extends further into the future, sma ...
... of mitigation and adaptation, many uncertainties persist. One of the biggest problems is the difficulty of defining the appropriate costs of climate change and of opportunity costs thereof. Both are crucial for future cost–benefit analysis.6 As projection periods extends further into the future, sma ...
A Shift in Western Tropical Pacific Sea Level Trends during the 1990s
... the context of longer tide gauge records and wind stress patterns. The dominant regional trends are high rates in the western tropical Pacific and minimal to negative rates in the eastern Pacific, particularly off North America. Interannual sea level variations associated with El Niño–Southern Osci ...
... the context of longer tide gauge records and wind stress patterns. The dominant regional trends are high rates in the western tropical Pacific and minimal to negative rates in the eastern Pacific, particularly off North America. Interannual sea level variations associated with El Niño–Southern Osci ...
Adaptation to Climate Change in Management of Prairie Grasslands
... adaptive capacity – potential or capability of a system to adapt to climatic stimuli Perhaps the most widely used concept is resilience. In the context of rangelands, Walker et al. (2009) considered resilience to be the capacity of a system to experience shocks while retaining the same structure, fu ...
... adaptive capacity – potential or capability of a system to adapt to climatic stimuli Perhaps the most widely used concept is resilience. In the context of rangelands, Walker et al. (2009) considered resilience to be the capacity of a system to experience shocks while retaining the same structure, fu ...
Climate change in Central America and Mexico
... and Mexico are summarized in the fourth assessment report (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Solomon et al. 2008, IPCC). Regional projections were obtained from the compilation of general circulation model (GCM) simulations (known as the multi-model data set; MMD) by dividing th ...
... and Mexico are summarized in the fourth assessment report (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Solomon et al. 2008, IPCC). Regional projections were obtained from the compilation of general circulation model (GCM) simulations (known as the multi-model data set; MMD) by dividing th ...
Full Presentation Zanzibar notes and extrapolation
... • Working in the same groups of two or three people, take the problem, cause and effect diagram and examine how the process ‘players’ (could be you) may be causing their own problem without realizing it • If the ‘players’ are not part of the cause then defend why this is true (may well be true) ...
... • Working in the same groups of two or three people, take the problem, cause and effect diagram and examine how the process ‘players’ (could be you) may be causing their own problem without realizing it • If the ‘players’ are not part of the cause then defend why this is true (may well be true) ...
More Than 1000 International Scientists Dissent
... lights due to the Climategate revelations. Dr. Judith Curry, the chair of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences at GA Institute of Tech, explained her defection from the global warming activist movement. "There is 'a lack of willingness in the climate change community to steer away from groupthink...‘ They a ...
... lights due to the Climategate revelations. Dr. Judith Curry, the chair of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences at GA Institute of Tech, explained her defection from the global warming activist movement. "There is 'a lack of willingness in the climate change community to steer away from groupthink...‘ They a ...
In Search of Shelter: Mapping the Effects of Climate Change
... shorter-term displacement and migration. As climate change increases the frequency and intensity of natural hazards such as cyclones, floods, and droughts, the number of temporarily displaced people will rise. This will be especially true in countries that fail to invest now in disaster risk reducti ...
... shorter-term displacement and migration. As climate change increases the frequency and intensity of natural hazards such as cyclones, floods, and droughts, the number of temporarily displaced people will rise. This will be especially true in countries that fail to invest now in disaster risk reducti ...
English - unfccc
... 1992. The climate Convention entered into force globally on 21 March, 1994 and specifically for Ghana on 5 December 1995 after ratification on 6 September 1995. There is clear evidence that the potential negative impacts of climate change are immense, and Ghana is particularly vulnerable due to lack ...
... 1992. The climate Convention entered into force globally on 21 March, 1994 and specifically for Ghana on 5 December 1995 after ratification on 6 September 1995. There is clear evidence that the potential negative impacts of climate change are immense, and Ghana is particularly vulnerable due to lack ...
Tundra Times - Polar Bears International
... Celsius (3.6° Fahrenheit) and to pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5° Celsius above preindustrial levels. Achieving this ambitious goal would prevent Arctic sea ice from disappearing and assure the survival of polar bears across much of their current range. It would also provide a better fut ...
... Celsius (3.6° Fahrenheit) and to pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5° Celsius above preindustrial levels. Achieving this ambitious goal would prevent Arctic sea ice from disappearing and assure the survival of polar bears across much of their current range. It would also provide a better fut ...
More Than 1000 International Scientists Dissent Over Man
... lights due to the Climategate revelations. Dr. Judith Curry, the chair of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences at GA Institute of Tech, explained her defection from the global warming activist movement. "There is 'a lack of willingness in the climate change community to steer away from groupthink...’ They a ...
... lights due to the Climategate revelations. Dr. Judith Curry, the chair of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences at GA Institute of Tech, explained her defection from the global warming activist movement. "There is 'a lack of willingness in the climate change community to steer away from groupthink...’ They a ...
Precipitation (Word) - Narragansett Bay Estuary Program
... average volume of precipitation (IPCC 2000). The geographical distribution of these weather events is also projected to deviate from current patterns. In addition, it is projected that extratropical storms will be more likely to move toward the poles (IPCC 2000). On a more local scale, the Universit ...
... average volume of precipitation (IPCC 2000). The geographical distribution of these weather events is also projected to deviate from current patterns. In addition, it is projected that extratropical storms will be more likely to move toward the poles (IPCC 2000). On a more local scale, the Universit ...
The temperature regimes of dry-season
... model was used to estimate daily mean waterhole temperature with good accuracy (±1 K) at all but the sites where wind speed may have been >2 m/s (assumed in the model). The model also was used to predict the effects of climate change on waterhole temperature and the change in exceedance of thermal th ...
... model was used to estimate daily mean waterhole temperature with good accuracy (±1 K) at all but the sites where wind speed may have been >2 m/s (assumed in the model). The model also was used to predict the effects of climate change on waterhole temperature and the change in exceedance of thermal th ...
Chapter 4: Food Production
... non-commercial food supply), but common challenges did emerge, including threats to food supply from increased losses from invasive pests and diseases, and risks to the transportation systems upon which the sectors rely. The net medium-term outlook is for a likely modest increase in agricultural foo ...
... non-commercial food supply), but common challenges did emerge, including threats to food supply from increased losses from invasive pests and diseases, and risks to the transportation systems upon which the sectors rely. The net medium-term outlook is for a likely modest increase in agricultural foo ...
Granger causality from changes in level of atmospheric CO2 to
... cal mechanisms. Chen and Tung (2014) place these proposed explanations into two categories. The first involves a reduction in radiative forcing: by a decrease in stratospheric water vapour, an increase in background stratospheric volcanic aerosols, by 17 small volcano eruptions since 1999, increasin ...
... cal mechanisms. Chen and Tung (2014) place these proposed explanations into two categories. The first involves a reduction in radiative forcing: by a decrease in stratospheric water vapour, an increase in background stratospheric volcanic aerosols, by 17 small volcano eruptions since 1999, increasin ...
Great Lakes National Parks in Peril
... multi-model dataset, provided by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Santa Clara University, and Climate Central multi-model dataset, with support provided by the Office of Science, U.S. Department of Energy. For assistance in design of this report, RMCO thanks Ji ...
... multi-model dataset, provided by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Santa Clara University, and Climate Central multi-model dataset, with support provided by the Office of Science, U.S. Department of Energy. For assistance in design of this report, RMCO thanks Ji ...
Paper on N 2 O as a ozone depleting substances
... loading returns to preindustrial concentrations. Nitrogen oxide chemistry is also dependent on odd hydrogen, bromine, and methane levels, but the dependence of N2O’s ODP on these factors is expected to be much smaller than the effect of chlorine (13). Whereas enhanced stratospheric sulfate aerosols ...
... loading returns to preindustrial concentrations. Nitrogen oxide chemistry is also dependent on odd hydrogen, bromine, and methane levels, but the dependence of N2O’s ODP on these factors is expected to be much smaller than the effect of chlorine (13). Whereas enhanced stratospheric sulfate aerosols ...
IFC Definitions and Metrics for Climate
... 5) Accuracy: Reduce uncertainties as much as is practical 6) Conservativeness: Use conservative assumptions, values, and procedures when uncertainty is high IFC also draws upon methodologies from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) Clean Development Mechanism as well as ...
... 5) Accuracy: Reduce uncertainties as much as is practical 6) Conservativeness: Use conservative assumptions, values, and procedures when uncertainty is high IFC also draws upon methodologies from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) Clean Development Mechanism as well as ...
PDF
... The value added created by capital is paid to firms as income. Firms receive also transfers from the government and the rest of the world. This income is used to pay capital earnings to the households, institutional taxes to government and profit transfers to the trading partners. Households receive ...
... The value added created by capital is paid to firms as income. Firms receive also transfers from the government and the rest of the world. This income is used to pay capital earnings to the households, institutional taxes to government and profit transfers to the trading partners. Households receive ...
Obliquity pacing of the late Pleistocene glacial terminations
... promotes basal melting. Enhanced lubrication of the ice-bedrock interface may trigger deglaciation by increasing ice-flux into the ocean or toward lower latitudes, as well as by increasing the thinning rate and causing inward migration of the ablation zone20 . Note that ∼10ky is required for surface ...
... promotes basal melting. Enhanced lubrication of the ice-bedrock interface may trigger deglaciation by increasing ice-flux into the ocean or toward lower latitudes, as well as by increasing the thinning rate and causing inward migration of the ablation zone20 . Note that ∼10ky is required for surface ...
Climate Change and Collective Responsibility
... morally responsible for the actions of others, since it can be assigned even when none are at fault for some potentially bad outcome such as a famine and does not necessarily involve blame or moral disapprobation. Typically, however, capacitybased liability is not employed when fault-based moral res ...
... morally responsible for the actions of others, since it can be assigned even when none are at fault for some potentially bad outcome such as a famine and does not necessarily involve blame or moral disapprobation. Typically, however, capacitybased liability is not employed when fault-based moral res ...
Why Climate Demands Change Michael A. Taylor
... 2015 Lecture, “Why Climate Demands Change”, addresses a phenomenon which not only demands our urgent attention but which is an issue of both local and global significance. Our lecturer, Professor Michael Taylor, locates the issues associated with climate change within the context of the Caribbean an ...
... 2015 Lecture, “Why Climate Demands Change”, addresses a phenomenon which not only demands our urgent attention but which is an issue of both local and global significance. Our lecturer, Professor Michael Taylor, locates the issues associated with climate change within the context of the Caribbean an ...
Analytical Annex - UK Government Web Archive
... stabilisation of GHGs that would allow a very low probability – less than 1% – of a o temperature increase of 4 C. Government continues to improve its understanding of global climate impacts, through the AVOID7 programme and through its support for the development of a new version of the PAGE model ...
... stabilisation of GHGs that would allow a very low probability – less than 1% – of a o temperature increase of 4 C. Government continues to improve its understanding of global climate impacts, through the AVOID7 programme and through its support for the development of a new version of the PAGE model ...
Climate change feedback
Climate change feedback is important in the understanding of global warming because feedback processes may amplify or diminish the effect of each climate forcing, and so play an important part in determining the climate sensitivity and future climate state. Feedback in general is the process in which changing one quantity changes a second quantity, and the change in the second quantity in turn changes the first. Positive feedback amplifies the change in the first quantity while negative feedback reduces it.The term ""forcing"" means a change which may ""push"" the climate system in the direction of warming or cooling. An example of a climate forcing is increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. By definition, forcings are external to the climate system while feedbacks are internal; in essence, feedbacks represent the internal processes of the system. Some feedbacks may act in relative isolation to the rest of the climate system; others may be tightly coupled; hence it may be difficult to tell just how much a particular process contributes. Forcings, feedbacks and the dynamics of the climate system determine how much and how fast the climate changes. The main positive feedback in global warming is the tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, which in turn leads to further warming. The main negative feedback comes from the Stefan–Boltzmann law, the amount of heat radiated from the Earth into space changes with the fourth power of the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere.Some observed and potential effects of global warming are positive feedbacks, which contribute directly to further global warming. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report states that ""Anthropogenic warming could lead to some effects that are abrupt or irreversible, depending upon the rate and magnitude of the climate change.""