Response and potential of agroforestry crops under global change
... day. Usually the simulation of one factor at a time or two–three factors combined is done. An exception is the Jasper Ridge Experiment where four factors (CO2, temperature, water, nutrients) were varied in a full factorial design (Shaw et al., 2002) on a grassland community. Single-factor responses ...
... day. Usually the simulation of one factor at a time or two–three factors combined is done. An exception is the Jasper Ridge Experiment where four factors (CO2, temperature, water, nutrients) were varied in a full factorial design (Shaw et al., 2002) on a grassland community. Single-factor responses ...
Responses of runoff to historical and future climate variability over
... with a small range in southern China, the Songhua River basin and the northwest and a large range in the Hai River basin, the Yellow River basin, and the Liao River basin. Although the aforementioned studies have certainly made advances in understanding the climate elasticity of R in China, our know ...
... with a small range in southern China, the Songhua River basin and the northwest and a large range in the Hai River basin, the Yellow River basin, and the Liao River basin. Although the aforementioned studies have certainly made advances in understanding the climate elasticity of R in China, our know ...
Better Growth, Better Climate: The New Climate Economy Report
... will shape future patterns of growth, productivity and living standards. The next 15 years of investment will also determine the future of the world’s climate system. Climate change caused by past greenhouse gas emissions is already having serious economic consequences, especially in more exposed ar ...
... will shape future patterns of growth, productivity and living standards. The next 15 years of investment will also determine the future of the world’s climate system. Climate change caused by past greenhouse gas emissions is already having serious economic consequences, especially in more exposed ar ...
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF CLIMATE BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS
... discount rate of 1% is assumed, estimated losses are much greater, ranging from $775.6$1,241.0 mn. Factoring in projected climate change impacts, the net value of the coastal and marine sector suggests that the costs of climate change significantly reduce the value of the sector, particularly under ...
... discount rate of 1% is assumed, estimated losses are much greater, ranging from $775.6$1,241.0 mn. Factoring in projected climate change impacts, the net value of the coastal and marine sector suggests that the costs of climate change significantly reduce the value of the sector, particularly under ...
Characteristic atmosphere-ocean-solid earth interactions - HAL-Insu
... correspond to co-oscillation with the DFM and SFM as observed by seismographs at SYO. Although the DFM is widely recorded, the single-frequency microbarom (SFM), arising from the direct transfer of ocean-gravity wave (swell) energy to infrasonic waves, has not been recorded to date. Theory predicts ...
... correspond to co-oscillation with the DFM and SFM as observed by seismographs at SYO. Although the DFM is widely recorded, the single-frequency microbarom (SFM), arising from the direct transfer of ocean-gravity wave (swell) energy to infrasonic waves, has not been recorded to date. Theory predicts ...
Geoengineering Governance
... Scientists have observed that the addition of sulfur to the stratosphere, either through natural activity such as volcanic eruptions or through human activity that generates SO2 and other pollutants, produces a cooling effect by causing more sunlight to be reflected into space.16 Chemical and micro- ...
... Scientists have observed that the addition of sulfur to the stratosphere, either through natural activity such as volcanic eruptions or through human activity that generates SO2 and other pollutants, produces a cooling effect by causing more sunlight to be reflected into space.16 Chemical and micro- ...
Full Report, Final Report, Abrupt Climate Change
... the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC AR4). New paleoclimatic reconstructions have been developed that provide greater understanding of patterns and mechanisms of past abrupt climate change in the ocean and on land, and new observations are further reveali ...
... the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC AR4). New paleoclimatic reconstructions have been developed that provide greater understanding of patterns and mechanisms of past abrupt climate change in the ocean and on land, and new observations are further reveali ...
Planning for Climate Change Effects on Coastal Margins
... Zealand published by the Ministry for the Environment/New Zealand Climate Change Programme in July 2001 (MfE, 2001). The report aims to assist resource managers and planners to understand the underlying impacts and issues in climate change and sealevel rise, and to provide guidance in planning and t ...
... Zealand published by the Ministry for the Environment/New Zealand Climate Change Programme in July 2001 (MfE, 2001). The report aims to assist resource managers and planners to understand the underlying impacts and issues in climate change and sealevel rise, and to provide guidance in planning and t ...
vsi09 cc Anthoff 10154597 en
... The Stern Review of The Economics of Climate Change (Stern et al., 2006) has caused substantial discussion, not least about the validity of the headline conclusion that climate change would cause a welfare loss equivalent to a permanent income loss of 5 to 20%. The initial responses of many economis ...
... The Stern Review of The Economics of Climate Change (Stern et al., 2006) has caused substantial discussion, not least about the validity of the headline conclusion that climate change would cause a welfare loss equivalent to a permanent income loss of 5 to 20%. The initial responses of many economis ...
Adapting to Climate Change in Tasmania
... extreme weather events in some areas2. Changes to the Australian climate are expected to expose some areas of the country to extreme temperatures and more frequent drought. These water shortages will pose serious challenges to the agricultural sector and may threaten some vulnerable ecological syste ...
... extreme weather events in some areas2. Changes to the Australian climate are expected to expose some areas of the country to extreme temperatures and more frequent drought. These water shortages will pose serious challenges to the agricultural sector and may threaten some vulnerable ecological syste ...
Indigenous and Traditional Peoples and Climate
... peoples (ethno-linguistic groups) over climate change projections on temperature, precipitation and sea level change from the IPCC (2007). The resulting maps show areas of high concentration of indigenous and traditional peoples and areas of greatest predicted climatic change. Predicting changes at ...
... peoples (ethno-linguistic groups) over climate change projections on temperature, precipitation and sea level change from the IPCC (2007). The resulting maps show areas of high concentration of indigenous and traditional peoples and areas of greatest predicted climatic change. Predicting changes at ...
SECOND-ORDER DRAFT IPCC WGII AR5 Chapter 3 Do Not Cite
... Glaciers will continue to lose mass, with meltwater yields from stored glacier ice eventually diminishing as the glaciers shrink (high agreement, robust evidence). The rate of loss per unit of glacierized area will accelerate. The accumulation season will become shorter and the melting season longer ...
... Glaciers will continue to lose mass, with meltwater yields from stored glacier ice eventually diminishing as the glaciers shrink (high agreement, robust evidence). The rate of loss per unit of glacierized area will accelerate. The accumulation season will become shorter and the melting season longer ...
Project Concept and PDF-B Document
... Over recent years, consecutive rain failures have sparked debate whether this situation is already a finger print of climate change. A recent analysis of climate models suggests that the average annual temperature is likely to increase by 2.5-3 ˚C, but there is also the possibility that warming coul ...
... Over recent years, consecutive rain failures have sparked debate whether this situation is already a finger print of climate change. A recent analysis of climate models suggests that the average annual temperature is likely to increase by 2.5-3 ˚C, but there is also the possibility that warming coul ...
Debating Climate Economics: The Stern Review vs
... usual would be expected to reduce GDP by 5% based on market impacts alone, or 11% including a rough estimate for the value of health and environmental effects that do not have market prices (“externalities,” in the jargon of economics). If the sensitivity of climate to CO2 levels turns out to be hig ...
... usual would be expected to reduce GDP by 5% based on market impacts alone, or 11% including a rough estimate for the value of health and environmental effects that do not have market prices (“externalities,” in the jargon of economics). If the sensitivity of climate to CO2 levels turns out to be hig ...
Rhodes Fairbridge and the idea that the solar system regulates the
... movement spatially and temporally. Additionally, there is increasing evidence (reviewed on the next page from the publications of Rozelot and colleagues) that the internal structure of the sun is characterised by a dynamic lumpiness that is variable throughout the sun, and over time. PALUS et al. (2 ...
... movement spatially and temporally. Additionally, there is increasing evidence (reviewed on the next page from the publications of Rozelot and colleagues) that the internal structure of the sun is characterised by a dynamic lumpiness that is variable throughout the sun, and over time. PALUS et al. (2 ...
Oceanic climate and circulation changes during the past four
... changes in climate. During El Niño events, upwelling is suppressed in the central and eastern tropical Pacific and coral D14C (per mil deviation from the 14C/12C ratio in nineteenth century wood) values are higher than normal [Brown et al., 1993; Druffel, 1981; Guilderson and Schrag, 1998]. Since c ...
... changes in climate. During El Niño events, upwelling is suppressed in the central and eastern tropical Pacific and coral D14C (per mil deviation from the 14C/12C ratio in nineteenth century wood) values are higher than normal [Brown et al., 1993; Druffel, 1981; Guilderson and Schrag, 1998]. Since c ...
to read the report
... exceed 2ºC above pre-industrial levels in order to avoid catastrophic climate change. While the carbon potential of the Earth’s known fossil fuel reserves is 2795 Gt CO2, only 565 Gt CO2 can be used if we are to have a 80% chance of maintaining the rise of global temperature to within 2ºC. On the ot ...
... exceed 2ºC above pre-industrial levels in order to avoid catastrophic climate change. While the carbon potential of the Earth’s known fossil fuel reserves is 2795 Gt CO2, only 565 Gt CO2 can be used if we are to have a 80% chance of maintaining the rise of global temperature to within 2ºC. On the ot ...
Climate Factsheets - Public Interest Research Centre
... In 2007, sea ice extent reached a dramatic record minimum, 23% below the previous record.1 This caused considerable alarm among some Arctic scientists, leading to statements such as: “the Arctic is screaming”,2 “[it’s] in its death spiral”3 and “the canary has died”.4 Others, such as Vicky Pope at t ...
... In 2007, sea ice extent reached a dramatic record minimum, 23% below the previous record.1 This caused considerable alarm among some Arctic scientists, leading to statements such as: “the Arctic is screaming”,2 “[it’s] in its death spiral”3 and “the canary has died”.4 Others, such as Vicky Pope at t ...
costs and benefits of climate change adaptation and mitigation
... Estimations of the welfare benefits of mitigation strongly depend on the climate model used. Mitigation is more important under a relatively hot and dry scenario, especially for the Nordic countries and southern Europe, for which the benefits of mitigation are projected to be over 1% of GDP by the e ...
... Estimations of the welfare benefits of mitigation strongly depend on the climate model used. Mitigation is more important under a relatively hot and dry scenario, especially for the Nordic countries and southern Europe, for which the benefits of mitigation are projected to be over 1% of GDP by the e ...
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... The chemistry of the human body makes our health and comfort sensitive to climate. Every day, climate influences human activity, including diet, chores, recreation, and conversation. Households spend considerable amounts on housing, energy, clothing, and travel to protect themselves from extreme cl ...
... The chemistry of the human body makes our health and comfort sensitive to climate. Every day, climate influences human activity, including diet, chores, recreation, and conversation. Households spend considerable amounts on housing, energy, clothing, and travel to protect themselves from extreme cl ...
Going Global - The George Wright Society
... The existing, and increasingly important role of protected area systems in contributing to the cost-effective conservation of intact, connected, and therefore resilient ecosystems, has been supported by scientific and socio-economic analysis, including the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment and the rec ...
... The existing, and increasingly important role of protected area systems in contributing to the cost-effective conservation of intact, connected, and therefore resilient ecosystems, has been supported by scientific and socio-economic analysis, including the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment and the rec ...
Will climate change increase ozone depletion from low
... in planetary wave driving. Further modelling studies of this phenomenon were conducted e.g. by Butchart et al. (2006), Butchart et al. (2010), Deckert and Dameris (2008), Garcia and Randel (2008), and Garny et al. (2009). McLandress and Shepherd (2009) also studied the BDC response to climate change ...
... in planetary wave driving. Further modelling studies of this phenomenon were conducted e.g. by Butchart et al. (2006), Butchart et al. (2010), Deckert and Dameris (2008), Garcia and Randel (2008), and Garny et al. (2009). McLandress and Shepherd (2009) also studied the BDC response to climate change ...
Separating Forced from Chaotic Climate Variability over the Past
... Ó 2013 American Meteorological Society ...
... Ó 2013 American Meteorological Society ...
Climate Change in Zimbabwe - Konrad-Adenauer
... caused by the release of greenhouse gases – such as carbon dioxide [CO2] and methane [CH4]) – which trap heat in the atmosphere, causing the planet to become hotter (global warming). Greenhouse gases are released by human activities which use of fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) as well as by ...
... caused by the release of greenhouse gases – such as carbon dioxide [CO2] and methane [CH4]) – which trap heat in the atmosphere, causing the planet to become hotter (global warming). Greenhouse gases are released by human activities which use of fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas) as well as by ...
VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE
... Numerous regional organizations, groups and networks exist between SIDS. Some of these networks have included adaptation to climate change as part of their activities but there are synergies that remain unexploited, highlighting the need for continued mainstreaming of climate change. ...
... Numerous regional organizations, groups and networks exist between SIDS. Some of these networks have included adaptation to climate change as part of their activities but there are synergies that remain unexploited, highlighting the need for continued mainstreaming of climate change. ...
Climate change feedback
Climate change feedback is important in the understanding of global warming because feedback processes may amplify or diminish the effect of each climate forcing, and so play an important part in determining the climate sensitivity and future climate state. Feedback in general is the process in which changing one quantity changes a second quantity, and the change in the second quantity in turn changes the first. Positive feedback amplifies the change in the first quantity while negative feedback reduces it.The term ""forcing"" means a change which may ""push"" the climate system in the direction of warming or cooling. An example of a climate forcing is increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. By definition, forcings are external to the climate system while feedbacks are internal; in essence, feedbacks represent the internal processes of the system. Some feedbacks may act in relative isolation to the rest of the climate system; others may be tightly coupled; hence it may be difficult to tell just how much a particular process contributes. Forcings, feedbacks and the dynamics of the climate system determine how much and how fast the climate changes. The main positive feedback in global warming is the tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, which in turn leads to further warming. The main negative feedback comes from the Stefan–Boltzmann law, the amount of heat radiated from the Earth into space changes with the fourth power of the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere.Some observed and potential effects of global warming are positive feedbacks, which contribute directly to further global warming. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report states that ""Anthropogenic warming could lead to some effects that are abrupt or irreversible, depending upon the rate and magnitude of the climate change.""