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... Though the externality argument is Pigouvian, this ‘cap and trade’ argument for carbon trading is not. The typical Pigouvian forms of intervention - public ownership or very direct regulation, taxation, and payments of bounties – are closely associated with command and control. But almost every work ...
... Though the externality argument is Pigouvian, this ‘cap and trade’ argument for carbon trading is not. The typical Pigouvian forms of intervention - public ownership or very direct regulation, taxation, and payments of bounties – are closely associated with command and control. But almost every work ...
an inconvenient burden of proof? co2 nuisance plaintiffs will face
... somewhat better. While such cases are beyond the scope of this article, the analysis herein may nevertheless be applicable so far as it goes, and state case considerations are discussed briefly below. ...
... somewhat better. While such cases are beyond the scope of this article, the analysis herein may nevertheless be applicable so far as it goes, and state case considerations are discussed briefly below. ...
Temperature sensitivity of drought-induced tree mortality portends
... frequency of mortality-inducing events (Fig. 3B). This projection is conservative because it is based on the historical drought record and therefore does not include changes in drought frequency, which is predicted to increase concurrently with warming (2, 37–39). In addition, populations of tree pe ...
... frequency of mortality-inducing events (Fig. 3B). This projection is conservative because it is based on the historical drought record and therefore does not include changes in drought frequency, which is predicted to increase concurrently with warming (2, 37–39). In addition, populations of tree pe ...
PMIP
... An annual mean global cooling of about 4C is obtained by all the models forced by the CLIMAP SST estimates. The range of cooling is larger when using computed SSTs, from – 6C to –2C, since models are no longer constrained by the same change in SST. ...
... An annual mean global cooling of about 4C is obtained by all the models forced by the CLIMAP SST estimates. The range of cooling is larger when using computed SSTs, from – 6C to –2C, since models are no longer constrained by the same change in SST. ...
powerpoint - Mitigation and Adaptation Research Institute (MARI)
... change mainly by reducing the climate forcing that results from increasing atmospheric concentration of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) or other anthropogenic forcing factors, such as albedo changes. In a more general sense, climate change mitigation is any action taken to permanently eliminate or reduce the ...
... change mainly by reducing the climate forcing that results from increasing atmospheric concentration of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) or other anthropogenic forcing factors, such as albedo changes. In a more general sense, climate change mitigation is any action taken to permanently eliminate or reduce the ...
Regional climate change projections for Chicago and the US Great
... well as the scientific uncertainty regarding how natural sources and sinks of greenhouse gases will change, and the response of Earth's climate system to these changes. The objective of this work is to clearly describe the derivation of a consistent set of climate change scenarios for the Chicago and ...
... well as the scientific uncertainty regarding how natural sources and sinks of greenhouse gases will change, and the response of Earth's climate system to these changes. The objective of this work is to clearly describe the derivation of a consistent set of climate change scenarios for the Chicago and ...
Climate Change Effects on Aquatic Biota, Ecosystem Structure and
... patchy, and highly specialized environments will be particularly at risk (9). While wholesale extinctions of entire arctic species are unlikely, some highly valued species (e.g., certain fish species) may possibly become geographically or ecologically marginalized. For example, there are pronounced ...
... patchy, and highly specialized environments will be particularly at risk (9). While wholesale extinctions of entire arctic species are unlikely, some highly valued species (e.g., certain fish species) may possibly become geographically or ecologically marginalized. For example, there are pronounced ...
Potential Climatic Deterioration in Semiarid Subtropical
... shift away from these properties, although it was found that annual temperature averages were rising nearly every year at the century’s end. Climate models were used at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, CO, to simulate how the regional climate might change during the present c ...
... shift away from these properties, although it was found that annual temperature averages were rising nearly every year at the century’s end. Climate models were used at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, CO, to simulate how the regional climate might change during the present c ...
Second National Communication of the Argentine Republic to the
... Assess the relative impact of human action and climatic variation on the occurrence of floods and drought periods in the Pampa Bonaerense Determine the likelihood that climate change may indeed be causing increases in both the frequency and magnitude of wet-dry cycles in the area. Evaluate the exten ...
... Assess the relative impact of human action and climatic variation on the occurrence of floods and drought periods in the Pampa Bonaerense Determine the likelihood that climate change may indeed be causing increases in both the frequency and magnitude of wet-dry cycles in the area. Evaluate the exten ...
Mathematics of Climate Change - Library
... 4. The physics behind the “greenhouse effect” is not in dispute. It has been known for more than a century that gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor absorb infrared radiation coming from Earth (which would otherwise escape to space) and re-radiate some of its energy back toward Ear ...
... 4. The physics behind the “greenhouse effect” is not in dispute. It has been known for more than a century that gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor absorb infrared radiation coming from Earth (which would otherwise escape to space) and re-radiate some of its energy back toward Ear ...
NOTICE: This is an open access article distributed under the
... southern locations when the three GCMs were applied to the bioclimate model for M. sanguinipes. The percent of area (on a regional basis) with EI ≥ 20 varied across North America. For example, under current climate conditions (CRU), the model predicted that 0% of the Fairbanks region had EI ≥ 20 (Ta ...
... southern locations when the three GCMs were applied to the bioclimate model for M. sanguinipes. The percent of area (on a regional basis) with EI ≥ 20 varied across North America. For example, under current climate conditions (CRU), the model predicted that 0% of the Fairbanks region had EI ≥ 20 (Ta ...
Measuring the economic impact of climate change on
... decrease in rainfall reduces net revenue. For winter, both rise in temperature and reduction in rainfall damage field crops. The results also confirmed that irrigation provided an effective adaptation option to reduce the harmful effects of climate change. It was found that when changes in climate v ...
... decrease in rainfall reduces net revenue. For winter, both rise in temperature and reduction in rainfall damage field crops. The results also confirmed that irrigation provided an effective adaptation option to reduce the harmful effects of climate change. It was found that when changes in climate v ...
File - Climatelinks
... TEMPERATURE: Observed temperatures in Peru have already been increasing over the past few decades. According to the Second National Communication, since 1960, on average, high temperatures increased by 0.2°C per decade. This was accompanied by a decrease in the number of nights with freezing tempera ...
... TEMPERATURE: Observed temperatures in Peru have already been increasing over the past few decades. According to the Second National Communication, since 1960, on average, high temperatures increased by 0.2°C per decade. This was accompanied by a decrease in the number of nights with freezing tempera ...
EL PROCESO DE DESARROLLO DE LA CONTRIBUCIÓN
... infrastructure, and the rest attributed to productive sectors. • In 2014: Losses reported by the agriculture and livestock sector, due to the impact of the EL Niño event, amounted to more than 19 billion Colones (US$35 million) for a total of 13178 farms • In 2015: The Government spent 75 Billion Co ...
... infrastructure, and the rest attributed to productive sectors. • In 2014: Losses reported by the agriculture and livestock sector, due to the impact of the EL Niño event, amounted to more than 19 billion Colones (US$35 million) for a total of 13178 farms • In 2015: The Government spent 75 Billion Co ...
presentation
... DD>00C is limited as projection: Mean DD>00C flawed for local seasonal variations on survival Insensitve to arid habitats (prairies) limiting spread Insensitive to local rainfall variations and humidity Stochastic extinsions of ticks Conflict with Brownstein et al. 2005 (lower border projections) Co ...
... DD>00C is limited as projection: Mean DD>00C flawed for local seasonal variations on survival Insensitve to arid habitats (prairies) limiting spread Insensitive to local rainfall variations and humidity Stochastic extinsions of ticks Conflict with Brownstein et al. 2005 (lower border projections) Co ...
unit 1
... ERUPTION THEORY – very large and explosive volcanic eruptions change earth’s climate. Ash and gas spread around the stratosphere and stop sunlight reaching the earth’s surface cools the earth. Example is Mt Pinatubo, 1991, Philippines – reduced global sunlight by 10% and cooled the earth 0.5 degre ...
... ERUPTION THEORY – very large and explosive volcanic eruptions change earth’s climate. Ash and gas spread around the stratosphere and stop sunlight reaching the earth’s surface cools the earth. Example is Mt Pinatubo, 1991, Philippines – reduced global sunlight by 10% and cooled the earth 0.5 degre ...
A Climate Chronology - University of Maine
... and the rate is increasing every year. Today this factor is larger than any contribution from the inorganic world. Thus today man by his own activities is increasing the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere at the rate of 30 per cent a century….Even if there may be some question as to whether or not the ...
... and the rate is increasing every year. Today this factor is larger than any contribution from the inorganic world. Thus today man by his own activities is increasing the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere at the rate of 30 per cent a century….Even if there may be some question as to whether or not the ...
Arctic Feedback Loops and Sea Ice Extent
... (naturally occurring in this case) where change in one variable, through interaction with other variables in the system, either reinforces the original process (positive feedback) or suppresses the process (negative feedback). http://nsidc.org/arcticmet/patterns/feedback_loops.html. o In the example ...
... (naturally occurring in this case) where change in one variable, through interaction with other variables in the system, either reinforces the original process (positive feedback) or suppresses the process (negative feedback). http://nsidc.org/arcticmet/patterns/feedback_loops.html. o In the example ...
Impacts of climate change on the amphibians and reptiles of
... Although generally unseen or overlooked, ectothermic terrestrial vertebrates—amphibians and reptiles—are important components of ecosystems worldwide. They are notably abundant and species rich in wet tropical areas where they play critical roles in food webs often linking terrestrial and aquatic ec ...
... Although generally unseen or overlooked, ectothermic terrestrial vertebrates—amphibians and reptiles—are important components of ecosystems worldwide. They are notably abundant and species rich in wet tropical areas where they play critical roles in food webs often linking terrestrial and aquatic ec ...
Expected impacts of climate change on extreme climate events
... simulations that represent the only way to account for the complex interactions and feedback between and within the different components of the climate system. However, climate simulations are limited by the ability of the models to accurately reproduce the statistics of some extreme events. Accordi ...
... simulations that represent the only way to account for the complex interactions and feedback between and within the different components of the climate system. However, climate simulations are limited by the ability of the models to accurately reproduce the statistics of some extreme events. Accordi ...
No Regrets Charter
... Why we need principles for climate change adaptation in cities The latest IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) world climate report emphasises the likelihood of global temperature increases in excess of two degrees. It states that sea levels are rising more rapidly than had previously b ...
... Why we need principles for climate change adaptation in cities The latest IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) world climate report emphasises the likelihood of global temperature increases in excess of two degrees. It states that sea levels are rising more rapidly than had previously b ...
ICLEI Milestone 2 Report Climate Changes and Impacts for the City
... annual precipitation, with small increases in the west, including at YVR (~10mm/decade), and decreases in the east. The major outlier was Grouse Mountain which experienced a large decrease of -147mm/decade (Figure 4). However, this rapid change is unlikely to continue and appears to represent an inc ...
... annual precipitation, with small increases in the west, including at YVR (~10mm/decade), and decreases in the east. The major outlier was Grouse Mountain which experienced a large decrease of -147mm/decade (Figure 4). However, this rapid change is unlikely to continue and appears to represent an inc ...
Climate change feedback
Climate change feedback is important in the understanding of global warming because feedback processes may amplify or diminish the effect of each climate forcing, and so play an important part in determining the climate sensitivity and future climate state. Feedback in general is the process in which changing one quantity changes a second quantity, and the change in the second quantity in turn changes the first. Positive feedback amplifies the change in the first quantity while negative feedback reduces it.The term ""forcing"" means a change which may ""push"" the climate system in the direction of warming or cooling. An example of a climate forcing is increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. By definition, forcings are external to the climate system while feedbacks are internal; in essence, feedbacks represent the internal processes of the system. Some feedbacks may act in relative isolation to the rest of the climate system; others may be tightly coupled; hence it may be difficult to tell just how much a particular process contributes. Forcings, feedbacks and the dynamics of the climate system determine how much and how fast the climate changes. The main positive feedback in global warming is the tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, which in turn leads to further warming. The main negative feedback comes from the Stefan–Boltzmann law, the amount of heat radiated from the Earth into space changes with the fourth power of the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere.Some observed and potential effects of global warming are positive feedbacks, which contribute directly to further global warming. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report states that ""Anthropogenic warming could lead to some effects that are abrupt or irreversible, depending upon the rate and magnitude of the climate change.""