Tropospheric adjustment induces a cloud component in
... The cloud components of forcing are surprising. Though of a smaller magnitude than FLN , both FLC and FSC are significantly different from zero at the 5% level; FLC < 0 and FSC > 0. As these terms have similar sizes, the net F = 3.3 ± 0.2 W m−2 is not very different from the clear-sky forcing. The p ...
... The cloud components of forcing are surprising. Though of a smaller magnitude than FLN , both FLC and FSC are significantly different from zero at the 5% level; FLC < 0 and FSC > 0. As these terms have similar sizes, the net F = 3.3 ± 0.2 W m−2 is not very different from the clear-sky forcing. The p ...
Centre for Philosophy of Natural and Social Science
... In recent decades, historians and sociologists of science have been largely concerned with the social construction of scientific knowledge. This paper examines an important historical episode in the social deconstruction of scientific knowledge. In the early 1980s, a consensus emerged among climate ...
... In recent decades, historians and sociologists of science have been largely concerned with the social construction of scientific knowledge. This paper examines an important historical episode in the social deconstruction of scientific knowledge. In the early 1980s, a consensus emerged among climate ...
ap environmental science - AP Central
... AP® ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2009 SCORING GUIDELINES Question 3 (continued) (c) Competition for access to Colorado River water has increased dramatically due to increased population size and intensive agricultural use. Describe TWO conservation strategies for reducing agricultural water consumption. A ...
... AP® ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2009 SCORING GUIDELINES Question 3 (continued) (c) Competition for access to Colorado River water has increased dramatically due to increased population size and intensive agricultural use. Describe TWO conservation strategies for reducing agricultural water consumption. A ...
Climate Change in - Pakistan Meteorological Department
... vehicular fossil fuel burning. Such gases have large warming potential and long life time to sustain warming process for decades to centuries. During 20th century, the increase in the global temperature was recorded as 0.76°C but in the first decade of this century 0.6°C rise has been noticed. Among ...
... vehicular fossil fuel burning. Such gases have large warming potential and long life time to sustain warming process for decades to centuries. During 20th century, the increase in the global temperature was recorded as 0.76°C but in the first decade of this century 0.6°C rise has been noticed. Among ...
Assessing the Relative Roles of Initial and Boundary Conditions in
... provide an accurate initial analysis with which to start the forecast. Conversely, if even very small errors in the initial conditions (i.e., errors that are smaller than the minimum errors achievable in any feasible ocean– atmosphere analysis system) rapidly saturate, leaving only the response to c ...
... provide an accurate initial analysis with which to start the forecast. Conversely, if even very small errors in the initial conditions (i.e., errors that are smaller than the minimum errors achievable in any feasible ocean– atmosphere analysis system) rapidly saturate, leaving only the response to c ...
Future deforestation in the Amazon and consequences
... available potential energy (CAPE) and convective inhibition (CIN) during the transition to the wet season indicate that the decrease in surface latent heat flux is indeed leading to a drier atmosphere, however these changes occur around a mean climatological state that is already very favorable for ...
... available potential energy (CAPE) and convective inhibition (CIN) during the transition to the wet season indicate that the decrease in surface latent heat flux is indeed leading to a drier atmosphere, however these changes occur around a mean climatological state that is already very favorable for ...
The Climate Change Debate in the United
... reevaluated: the Earth Climate is warming up, and following unprecedented rates. Starting in the 1970's a consensus between scientists formed on the implication of greenhouse gases in the process, and that these emissions created by human activities were deeply influencing the Climate. Since the 199 ...
... reevaluated: the Earth Climate is warming up, and following unprecedented rates. Starting in the 1970's a consensus between scientists formed on the implication of greenhouse gases in the process, and that these emissions created by human activities were deeply influencing the Climate. Since the 199 ...
Past and Future Trends in Frequency of Heavy Rainfall Events over
... important and widely studied meteorological parameters indicating the effect of climate change i.e. temperature and precipitation. Considering the stabilisation scenario first, the RCP 4.5, there is a significant positive trend in annual mean temperature of 3°C to 3.5°C for the period 2011-2100 alon ...
... important and widely studied meteorological parameters indicating the effect of climate change i.e. temperature and precipitation. Considering the stabilisation scenario first, the RCP 4.5, there is a significant positive trend in annual mean temperature of 3°C to 3.5°C for the period 2011-2100 alon ...
Challenges of Food Insecurity Due to Climate Change (Flood
... called green house gasses and the warming thought to occur from their increase is called the green house effect. The most important green house gasses are carbon dioxide (CO2), Chlorofluoro Carbon (Primarily (Cl3F and C2F2) methane (CH4) and Nitrous oxide (N2O). The table below shows the major green ...
... called green house gasses and the warming thought to occur from their increase is called the green house effect. The most important green house gasses are carbon dioxide (CO2), Chlorofluoro Carbon (Primarily (Cl3F and C2F2) methane (CH4) and Nitrous oxide (N2O). The table below shows the major green ...
The Effects of Ocean Freshening on Marine and
... increased freshwater input has caused a change in timing of phytoplankton blooms (Ji et al. 2008). Due to lower surface salinity, there is less density-driven mixing of the water column. Because of this lower mixing, suspended nutrients decrease, which could alter the timing of phytoplankton blooms. ...
... increased freshwater input has caused a change in timing of phytoplankton blooms (Ji et al. 2008). Due to lower surface salinity, there is less density-driven mixing of the water column. Because of this lower mixing, suspended nutrients decrease, which could alter the timing of phytoplankton blooms. ...
Less Snow, Less Water: Climate Disruption in the West
... For those of us who live in, visit, or marvel at the American West this region is special because of its large, grand landscapes, with mountains reaching to the sky, plains unfolding to the horizon, and vistas exceeding the imagination. The West’s abundance, though, is accompanied by scarcity. Water ...
... For those of us who live in, visit, or marvel at the American West this region is special because of its large, grand landscapes, with mountains reaching to the sky, plains unfolding to the horizon, and vistas exceeding the imagination. The West’s abundance, though, is accompanied by scarcity. Water ...
Multi-model climate change projections for India under
... observed climate than any individual model. The key findings of this study are: (1) under the business-asusual (between RCP6 and RCP8.5) scenario, mean warming in India is likely to be in the range 1.7–2°C by 2030s and 3.3–4.8°C by 2080s relative to preindustrial times; (2) all-India precipitation u ...
... observed climate than any individual model. The key findings of this study are: (1) under the business-asusual (between RCP6 and RCP8.5) scenario, mean warming in India is likely to be in the range 1.7–2°C by 2030s and 3.3–4.8°C by 2080s relative to preindustrial times; (2) all-India precipitation u ...
Historical Overview of Climate Change Science
... of the climate system, such as the size of ice sheets, the type and distribution of vegetation or the temperature of the atmosphere or ocean will influence the large-scale circulation features of the atmosphere and oceans. There are many feedback mechanisms in the climate system that can either ampl ...
... of the climate system, such as the size of ice sheets, the type and distribution of vegetation or the temperature of the atmosphere or ocean will influence the large-scale circulation features of the atmosphere and oceans. There are many feedback mechanisms in the climate system that can either ampl ...
resPoNse oF alPINe PlaNt CoMMUNItY to sIMUlateD ClIMate
... of studies involving the tundra have implications in other terrestrial ecosystems (Br uelheide 2003). Results from previous studies vary depending on the research sites or simulative methods, so that the direction and amplitude of plant response at individual, community, and ecosystem levels in the ...
... of studies involving the tundra have implications in other terrestrial ecosystems (Br uelheide 2003). Results from previous studies vary depending on the research sites or simulative methods, so that the direction and amplitude of plant response at individual, community, and ecosystem levels in the ...
UK ETS integration into EU ETS - Ricardo-AEA
... Kyoto commitments) Installation-level CO2 free allocation over 3 years ~ reduction target 2000 baseline ...
... Kyoto commitments) Installation-level CO2 free allocation over 3 years ~ reduction target 2000 baseline ...
Carbon Trading Training for visiting Caribbean Group - Copy
... 1. Commitments. The heart of the Protocol lies in establishing commitments for the reduction of greenhouse gases that are legally binding for Annex I countries, as well as general commitments for all member countries. 2. Implementation. In order to meet the objectives of the Protocol, Annex I countr ...
... 1. Commitments. The heart of the Protocol lies in establishing commitments for the reduction of greenhouse gases that are legally binding for Annex I countries, as well as general commitments for all member countries. 2. Implementation. In order to meet the objectives of the Protocol, Annex I countr ...
Climate change pressure on Scotland`s notified species
... There is growing evidence of the impact of climate change over the last few decades on Scottish and wider UK biodiversity. Impacts include range shifts, changing species community composition, and altered life-cycle timings. In recognition of this, monitoring cycles for species of conservation inter ...
... There is growing evidence of the impact of climate change over the last few decades on Scottish and wider UK biodiversity. Impacts include range shifts, changing species community composition, and altered life-cycle timings. In recognition of this, monitoring cycles for species of conservation inter ...
The need for new ocean conservation strategies in a high
... and chemically impacting the ocean and its ecosystems. If current trends continue, mean atmospheric CO2 is expected to exceed 500 ppm by 2050 — a more than 80% increase above preindustrial (pre-1750) levels1. This rate of increase seems to have few, if any, parallels in the past 300 million years of ...
... and chemically impacting the ocean and its ecosystems. If current trends continue, mean atmospheric CO2 is expected to exceed 500 ppm by 2050 — a more than 80% increase above preindustrial (pre-1750) levels1. This rate of increase seems to have few, if any, parallels in the past 300 million years of ...
Global patterns in lake ecosystem responses to warming based on
... As a result, when activation energies are low, higher warming rates in temperate/mid-elevation and arctic/ high-elevation ecosystems are more likely to lead to larger metabolic responses there. In contrast to our earlier example, if the activation energy of a metabolismlinked variable were only 0.25 ...
... As a result, when activation energies are low, higher warming rates in temperate/mid-elevation and arctic/ high-elevation ecosystems are more likely to lead to larger metabolic responses there. In contrast to our earlier example, if the activation energy of a metabolismlinked variable were only 0.25 ...
Increasing Mississippi river discharge throughout the 21st century
... atmospheric CO2, and land use change scenarios. Our factorial analyses further indicate that the combined effects of land use change and human-induced atmospheric CO2 elevation on river discharge would outweigh climate change effect under the high-emission scenario (A2) of the Intergovernmental Pane ...
... atmospheric CO2, and land use change scenarios. Our factorial analyses further indicate that the combined effects of land use change and human-induced atmospheric CO2 elevation on river discharge would outweigh climate change effect under the high-emission scenario (A2) of the Intergovernmental Pane ...
Temporary storage of carbon in the biosphere does have value for
... et al. 2001) and embodied in the decisions of the Conference of Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC 2004) provides a suitable framework for awarding and trading carbon credits. Kirschbaum writes that, ‘‘... it is not the rate of emission that constitutes a concern in ter ...
... et al. 2001) and embodied in the decisions of the Conference of Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC 2004) provides a suitable framework for awarding and trading carbon credits. Kirschbaum writes that, ‘‘... it is not the rate of emission that constitutes a concern in ter ...
transitioning to a green economy
... growing problem. However, throughout most of its history, from 1970 to 2000, the CAA was used as a tool to control non-GHG pollutants. During the George W. Bush and Obama Presidencies, regulations under the CAA to combat climate change began to be contemplated. ...
... growing problem. However, throughout most of its history, from 1970 to 2000, the CAA was used as a tool to control non-GHG pollutants. During the George W. Bush and Obama Presidencies, regulations under the CAA to combat climate change began to be contemplated. ...
expected accomplishment 1 - imdis
... 8 thereby exceeding the target of 5 documents, resolutions or decisions and listed as follows: UNEP GC/GMEF in its decision, SS.VIII/1.II Strengthening the financing of the United Nations Environment Programme, the Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD) in its decisions and decisions of VII/4 Biol ...
... 8 thereby exceeding the target of 5 documents, resolutions or decisions and listed as follows: UNEP GC/GMEF in its decision, SS.VIII/1.II Strengthening the financing of the United Nations Environment Programme, the Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD) in its decisions and decisions of VII/4 Biol ...
Climate change feedback
Climate change feedback is important in the understanding of global warming because feedback processes may amplify or diminish the effect of each climate forcing, and so play an important part in determining the climate sensitivity and future climate state. Feedback in general is the process in which changing one quantity changes a second quantity, and the change in the second quantity in turn changes the first. Positive feedback amplifies the change in the first quantity while negative feedback reduces it.The term ""forcing"" means a change which may ""push"" the climate system in the direction of warming or cooling. An example of a climate forcing is increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. By definition, forcings are external to the climate system while feedbacks are internal; in essence, feedbacks represent the internal processes of the system. Some feedbacks may act in relative isolation to the rest of the climate system; others may be tightly coupled; hence it may be difficult to tell just how much a particular process contributes. Forcings, feedbacks and the dynamics of the climate system determine how much and how fast the climate changes. The main positive feedback in global warming is the tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, which in turn leads to further warming. The main negative feedback comes from the Stefan–Boltzmann law, the amount of heat radiated from the Earth into space changes with the fourth power of the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere.Some observed and potential effects of global warming are positive feedbacks, which contribute directly to further global warming. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report states that ""Anthropogenic warming could lead to some effects that are abrupt or irreversible, depending upon the rate and magnitude of the climate change.""