Three Key Elements of a Post-2012 International Climate Policy
... (Gregg, Andres, and Marland, 2008), and ChinaÕs emissions are expected to continue to grow much faster than U.S. emissions (Blanford, Richels, and Rutherford, 2010). Even if all of the Annex I countries, including the United States, were to reduce their CO2 emissions to zero by 2030, unless there ar ...
... (Gregg, Andres, and Marland, 2008), and ChinaÕs emissions are expected to continue to grow much faster than U.S. emissions (Blanford, Richels, and Rutherford, 2010). Even if all of the Annex I countries, including the United States, were to reduce their CO2 emissions to zero by 2030, unless there ar ...
Climate extremes and ozone pollution: a growing threat to China`s
... controls on crop productivity. The majority of existing assessments have focused on physical climate variables (i.e., mean temperature and precipitation), but less on the increasing climate extremes (e.g., drought) and their interactions with increasing levels of tropospheric ozone (O3). Here we qua ...
... controls on crop productivity. The majority of existing assessments have focused on physical climate variables (i.e., mean temperature and precipitation), but less on the increasing climate extremes (e.g., drought) and their interactions with increasing levels of tropospheric ozone (O3). Here we qua ...
Contrasting responses of heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration
... Received 12 March 2013 and accepted 27 May 2013 ...
... Received 12 March 2013 and accepted 27 May 2013 ...
CCCI_Mongolia_Executive_Summary_20110411
... average wind speed in these areas is in 4-6 m/s. West-northwest-north wind dominates, but the wind depends much on relief and landscape. Gobi-desert area has 30-100 days (300-600 hours) of year sand-dust storm. Mongolian dust storms are one of the main sources of “Asian yellow dust”. ...
... average wind speed in these areas is in 4-6 m/s. West-northwest-north wind dominates, but the wind depends much on relief and landscape. Gobi-desert area has 30-100 days (300-600 hours) of year sand-dust storm. Mongolian dust storms are one of the main sources of “Asian yellow dust”. ...
Oregon`s Biodiversity in a Changing Climate
... (Beebee 1995, Gibbs and Breisch 2001b). In general, over the last decade, spring events have been occurring earlier at an average rate of 2.3 days per decade (Parmesan and Yohe 2003). These changes in phenology are likely to lead to mismatches in the timing of interdependent ecological events with l ...
... (Beebee 1995, Gibbs and Breisch 2001b). In general, over the last decade, spring events have been occurring earlier at an average rate of 2.3 days per decade (Parmesan and Yohe 2003). These changes in phenology are likely to lead to mismatches in the timing of interdependent ecological events with l ...
IV. Round Table 3: Land-based approach to climate change
... Persistent, frequent and severe droughts are having an especially harsh impact across the Middle East and North Africa region where per capita renewable water resources are four times lower than they were in this region in the 1950s. Climate change is likely to shift the patterns of droughts and inc ...
... Persistent, frequent and severe droughts are having an especially harsh impact across the Middle East and North Africa region where per capita renewable water resources are four times lower than they were in this region in the 1950s. Climate change is likely to shift the patterns of droughts and inc ...
Global Climate Change and Biodiversity
... climate is defined. Ecosystems and species have moved, often freely, in response to such past changes and have evolved within this climatic history. The causes of contemporary and future changes in climate, their rate and their potential significance for ecosystems and for the human species, however ...
... climate is defined. Ecosystems and species have moved, often freely, in response to such past changes and have evolved within this climatic history. The causes of contemporary and future changes in climate, their rate and their potential significance for ecosystems and for the human species, however ...
Impacts of climate change on the worldTs most exceptional ecoregions
... majority of these regions are threatened by habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation, with 147 of 185 terrestrial and freshwater regions being classified as either vulnerable or critically endangered (CE) (16). Exposure of these ecoregions to significant climate change—in particular, extreme or no ...
... majority of these regions are threatened by habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation, with 147 of 185 terrestrial and freshwater regions being classified as either vulnerable or critically endangered (CE) (16). Exposure of these ecoregions to significant climate change—in particular, extreme or no ...
Air and water - Delivery guide
... and work to minimise the impact of human activities on their quality. In section C1.1, the context of changes in the Earth’s atmosphere is used to explore the particle model and its limitations when explaining changes of state, and the principles of balancing equations for combustion reactions. The ...
... and work to minimise the impact of human activities on their quality. In section C1.1, the context of changes in the Earth’s atmosphere is used to explore the particle model and its limitations when explaining changes of state, and the principles of balancing equations for combustion reactions. The ...
First Report - Climate Change Advisory Council
... climate change is hugely important for the achievement of the Paris Agreement goals, which include holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above preindustrial levels. This commitment by one of the key regions of the world, of which Ireland is an integral member, is v ...
... climate change is hugely important for the achievement of the Paris Agreement goals, which include holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above preindustrial levels. This commitment by one of the key regions of the world, of which Ireland is an integral member, is v ...
Altai Sayan Ecoregion
... of 19.5 million hectares. Four protected areas of 850 thousand hectares have already established under WWF support. A Russian national strategy and action plan for Mongolia in the conservation of Irbis and Argali have been ...
... of 19.5 million hectares. Four protected areas of 850 thousand hectares have already established under WWF support. A Russian national strategy and action plan for Mongolia in the conservation of Irbis and Argali have been ...
Tracking Climate Change Opinions from Twitter Data Xiaoran An Auroop R. Ganguly
... change. Greenhouse-gas reduction policies, resilience to natural hazards, and adaptation decisions ultimately rely significantly on having adequate public support, but conducting real-time surveys of public perceptions can be difficult, expensive, and occasionally even impossible. The role of the mi ...
... change. Greenhouse-gas reduction policies, resilience to natural hazards, and adaptation decisions ultimately rely significantly on having adequate public support, but conducting real-time surveys of public perceptions can be difficult, expensive, and occasionally even impossible. The role of the mi ...
The sun responsible for climate change!
... degree with the tools currently at their disposal. Any human contribution to global temperature change is lost in the noise of terrestrial and cosmic factors. Our beautiful home planet has been warming and cooling for the last 4.8 billion years. Most recently, it has been warming-be it ever so sligh ...
... degree with the tools currently at their disposal. Any human contribution to global temperature change is lost in the noise of terrestrial and cosmic factors. Our beautiful home planet has been warming and cooling for the last 4.8 billion years. Most recently, it has been warming-be it ever so sligh ...
Country Note Mexico
... increase of the land not suited for cultivation of up to 4.2%. The state of Sonora may be the worst affected as far as the reduction of land suitable for corn cultivation. This may lead to a replacement of corn with other crops that are more resistant to severe conditions such as wheat or oat. A fur ...
... increase of the land not suited for cultivation of up to 4.2%. The state of Sonora may be the worst affected as far as the reduction of land suitable for corn cultivation. This may lead to a replacement of corn with other crops that are more resistant to severe conditions such as wheat or oat. A fur ...
WHAT IS THE “DAMAGES FUNCTION” FOR GLOBAL WARMING
... these two axioms imply a utility function encompassing as special cases both the standard multiplicative form, which has traditionally been used in practice for some time now, and also an additive analogue that has appeared more recently in the literature. After some numerical exercises, the paper d ...
... these two axioms imply a utility function encompassing as special cases both the standard multiplicative form, which has traditionally been used in practice for some time now, and also an additive analogue that has appeared more recently in the literature. After some numerical exercises, the paper d ...
- The Kresge Foundation
... people is the highest. 2. Managing the unavoidable Let me turn to the second imperative. Managing the unavoidable. This speaks to adaptation: How we will adapt to the significant change that is now inevitable regardless of the degree to which society pulls its act together and gets serious about red ...
... people is the highest. 2. Managing the unavoidable Let me turn to the second imperative. Managing the unavoidable. This speaks to adaptation: How we will adapt to the significant change that is now inevitable regardless of the degree to which society pulls its act together and gets serious about red ...
- White Rose Research Online
... Global climate models (GCMs) have become increasingly important for climate change science and provide the basis for most impact studies. Since impact models are highly sensitive to input climate data, GCM skill is crucial for getting better short-, medium- and long-term outlooks for agricultural pr ...
... Global climate models (GCMs) have become increasingly important for climate change science and provide the basis for most impact studies. Since impact models are highly sensitive to input climate data, GCM skill is crucial for getting better short-, medium- and long-term outlooks for agricultural pr ...
Zimbabwe - TILZ
... known as El Niño, is associated with periods of low rainfall and the risk of drought in Zimbabwe, while ENSO’s cold phase, La Niña, brings periods of high rainfall and increased risk of flooding. Positive IOD events are associated with lower summer rainfall in Zimbabwe (Manatsa et al., 2008). Key cl ...
... known as El Niño, is associated with periods of low rainfall and the risk of drought in Zimbabwe, while ENSO’s cold phase, La Niña, brings periods of high rainfall and increased risk of flooding. Positive IOD events are associated with lower summer rainfall in Zimbabwe (Manatsa et al., 2008). Key cl ...
The Climate Information Portal
... A key goal in CIP development is to ensure that the portal is available to users and compatible with emerging data sources so as to maximize its value among end-users. The CIP has a strong partnership with the weAdapt knowledge portal, which was developed by the Stockholm Environment Institute and p ...
... A key goal in CIP development is to ensure that the portal is available to users and compatible with emerging data sources so as to maximize its value among end-users. The CIP has a strong partnership with the weAdapt knowledge portal, which was developed by the Stockholm Environment Institute and p ...
rapid climate change - BADC
... heat northwards. This is part of a much larger global ocean circulation system. Before the programme, computer models had shown that this heat conveyor produces a substantially warmer climate in western Europe than would otherwise be the case. The models also show that increasing greenhouse gases i ...
... heat northwards. This is part of a much larger global ocean circulation system. Before the programme, computer models had shown that this heat conveyor produces a substantially warmer climate in western Europe than would otherwise be the case. The models also show that increasing greenhouse gases i ...
Economics and finance - Prairie Climate Centre
... damage caused by extreme weather disasters and losses in vulnerable resource-based industries such as forestry. It also demonstrated that timely and well-chosen adaptation measures can be extremely cost-effective at reducing the severity of these impacts.5 Similarly, the Stern Review concludes that ...
... damage caused by extreme weather disasters and losses in vulnerable resource-based industries such as forestry. It also demonstrated that timely and well-chosen adaptation measures can be extremely cost-effective at reducing the severity of these impacts.5 Similarly, the Stern Review concludes that ...
svcrproc
... IA represents the "best available synthesis of current scientific, technical, economic, and sociopolitical knowledge" (IPCC 1995). It differs from disciplinary research as IA aims specifically to inform knowledge and policy decision making using a breadth of knowledge sources from a variety of disci ...
... IA represents the "best available synthesis of current scientific, technical, economic, and sociopolitical knowledge" (IPCC 1995). It differs from disciplinary research as IA aims specifically to inform knowledge and policy decision making using a breadth of knowledge sources from a variety of disci ...
Climate change feedback
Climate change feedback is important in the understanding of global warming because feedback processes may amplify or diminish the effect of each climate forcing, and so play an important part in determining the climate sensitivity and future climate state. Feedback in general is the process in which changing one quantity changes a second quantity, and the change in the second quantity in turn changes the first. Positive feedback amplifies the change in the first quantity while negative feedback reduces it.The term ""forcing"" means a change which may ""push"" the climate system in the direction of warming or cooling. An example of a climate forcing is increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. By definition, forcings are external to the climate system while feedbacks are internal; in essence, feedbacks represent the internal processes of the system. Some feedbacks may act in relative isolation to the rest of the climate system; others may be tightly coupled; hence it may be difficult to tell just how much a particular process contributes. Forcings, feedbacks and the dynamics of the climate system determine how much and how fast the climate changes. The main positive feedback in global warming is the tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, which in turn leads to further warming. The main negative feedback comes from the Stefan–Boltzmann law, the amount of heat radiated from the Earth into space changes with the fourth power of the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere.Some observed and potential effects of global warming are positive feedbacks, which contribute directly to further global warming. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report states that ""Anthropogenic warming could lead to some effects that are abrupt or irreversible, depending upon the rate and magnitude of the climate change.""