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... upon labour intensive technology (Featherstone and Goodwin, 1993). Alternatively, research has proved that a large family is mostly inclined to divert part of its labour force into non-farm activities to generate more income and reduce consumption demands (Mano and Nhemachena, 2006). However, accord ...
... upon labour intensive technology (Featherstone and Goodwin, 1993). Alternatively, research has proved that a large family is mostly inclined to divert part of its labour force into non-farm activities to generate more income and reduce consumption demands (Mano and Nhemachena, 2006). However, accord ...
climate variability - NCAR Research Applications Laboratory
... groundwater availability. Floods and droughts are part of this natural range of variation, although the probabilities of such extreme events may be difficult to discern from limited historical experience. Prospective climate change complicates long-term water resources planning because it will alter ...
... groundwater availability. Floods and droughts are part of this natural range of variation, although the probabilities of such extreme events may be difficult to discern from limited historical experience. Prospective climate change complicates long-term water resources planning because it will alter ...
State/Territory Government Department
... manage their land for conservation in line with international guidelines, so that its plants, animals and cultural sites are protected for the benefit of all Australians. Indigenous emissions trading element On 5 October 2007, The Australian Government announced a commitment to provide $10 million o ...
... manage their land for conservation in line with international guidelines, so that its plants, animals and cultural sites are protected for the benefit of all Australians. Indigenous emissions trading element On 5 October 2007, The Australian Government announced a commitment to provide $10 million o ...
Changes in temperature and precipitation extremes in the CMIP5
... where snow and sea-ice retreat with global warming. There are tropical and subtropical regions where warming rates of warm extremes exceed those of cold extremes. Relative changes in the intensity of precipitation extremes generally exceed relative changes in annual mean precipitation. The correspon ...
... where snow and sea-ice retreat with global warming. There are tropical and subtropical regions where warming rates of warm extremes exceed those of cold extremes. Relative changes in the intensity of precipitation extremes generally exceed relative changes in annual mean precipitation. The correspon ...
Climate change effects on above- and below
... set. Despite this finding, there was no net effect on plant reproductive output. This finding supports the idea that plants will be less affected by climatic changes than by other trophic levels. Enhanced rain also affected the interaction between detritivores and free-living herbivores. The effect, ...
... set. Despite this finding, there was no net effect on plant reproductive output. This finding supports the idea that plants will be less affected by climatic changes than by other trophic levels. Enhanced rain also affected the interaction between detritivores and free-living herbivores. The effect, ...
Climate policy under sustainable discounted utilitarianism: Working Paper 42 (830 kB) (opens in new window)
... utility, SDU is an axiomatically based criterion, which departs from DU by assigning zero weight to present utility if and only if the present is better o than the future. Using the DICE integrated assessment model to run risk analysis, we show that it is possible for the future to be worse o than ...
... utility, SDU is an axiomatically based criterion, which departs from DU by assigning zero weight to present utility if and only if the present is better o than the future. Using the DICE integrated assessment model to run risk analysis, we show that it is possible for the future to be worse o than ...
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... builder may be willing to accept greater deviations in minor products if the predictions are good for the major products. There is no consensus on the statistic to be used in evaluating the fit, but in most cases a simple measure such as the mean absolute deviation (MAD) or the percentage absolute d ...
... builder may be willing to accept greater deviations in minor products if the predictions are good for the major products. There is no consensus on the statistic to be used in evaluating the fit, but in most cases a simple measure such as the mean absolute deviation (MAD) or the percentage absolute d ...
Extinction: It`s Not Just for Polar Bears.
... foraging grounds is likely to result in lower winter survival and reproductive success for Arctic foxes.26,27 Desperate foxes deprived of the sea ice may resort to searching for food in human settlements and industrial sites, which increases the potential for conflicts with humans and often ends in ...
... foraging grounds is likely to result in lower winter survival and reproductive success for Arctic foxes.26,27 Desperate foxes deprived of the sea ice may resort to searching for food in human settlements and industrial sites, which increases the potential for conflicts with humans and often ends in ...
Warm Words II
... known as ‘interpretative repertoires’ because they are frameworks for inference and for making judgements like what things mean; what is right and what is wrong; what is acceptable and not acceptable; and what flows logically from what. The range of repertoires available in our culture offers all of ...
... known as ‘interpretative repertoires’ because they are frameworks for inference and for making judgements like what things mean; what is right and what is wrong; what is acceptable and not acceptable; and what flows logically from what. The range of repertoires available in our culture offers all of ...
Partners for Resilience
... management and restoration (EMR) to significantly boost resilience: people’s ability to withstand shocks in their environment – and critical for helping them escape poverty. “What’s special about this programme is the inclusion of ecosystem management in real-time humanitarian DRR work in the face o ...
... management and restoration (EMR) to significantly boost resilience: people’s ability to withstand shocks in their environment – and critical for helping them escape poverty. “What’s special about this programme is the inclusion of ecosystem management in real-time humanitarian DRR work in the face o ...
Empirical evidence for Thailand surface temperature changes and
... 1970s have been in phase with the persistent and exceptionally strong warm phase of ENSO cycles. Furthermore, the EOF1 coefficient series of T min and T amin have monotonically increased at a faster rate than those of T max , and T amax since the mid 1950s that resemble the greenhouse warming finger ...
... 1970s have been in phase with the persistent and exceptionally strong warm phase of ENSO cycles. Furthermore, the EOF1 coefficient series of T min and T amin have monotonically increased at a faster rate than those of T max , and T amax since the mid 1950s that resemble the greenhouse warming finger ...
Carbon Credit Development - International Journal of Innovative
... emissions to groups of regulated sources. In this way, market mechanisms are allowed to determine the industrial and economical processes ‘in the direction of low emissions or less carbon intensive approaches than those used when there is no cost to emitting carbon dioxide and other GHGs into the at ...
... emissions to groups of regulated sources. In this way, market mechanisms are allowed to determine the industrial and economical processes ‘in the direction of low emissions or less carbon intensive approaches than those used when there is no cost to emitting carbon dioxide and other GHGs into the at ...
Amphibian Breeding and Climate Change
... are key components of many ecosystems ( Burton & Likens 1975; Blaustein 1994), changes in amphibian populations could affect other species within their communities, such as their predators and prey, even if these species were unaffected directly by global warming (see discussion by Donnelly & Crump ...
... are key components of many ecosystems ( Burton & Likens 1975; Blaustein 1994), changes in amphibian populations could affect other species within their communities, such as their predators and prey, even if these species were unaffected directly by global warming (see discussion by Donnelly & Crump ...
IIASA International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis
... modern energy (IIASA/GEA) • World primary energy demand expected to increase by 33% between 2011 & 2035 (IEA) • Energy production and consumption contributes over 80% of global GHG emissions (IIASA) ...
... modern energy (IIASA/GEA) • World primary energy demand expected to increase by 33% between 2011 & 2035 (IEA) • Energy production and consumption contributes over 80% of global GHG emissions (IIASA) ...
Efforts on Climate Change in Malaysia: A Preliminary Assessment
... The past records of Malaysia climate show similar trend that has been encountered globally as found in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessments (Bindoff et al., 2007; Trenberth et al., 2007). The country’s temperature had increased 0.18 0C per decade for over 40 years since 1 ...
... The past records of Malaysia climate show similar trend that has been encountered globally as found in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessments (Bindoff et al., 2007; Trenberth et al., 2007). The country’s temperature had increased 0.18 0C per decade for over 40 years since 1 ...
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND EQUITY IMPACTS FROM CLIMATE CHANGE AND
... Extreme weather events, such as heat-waves, droughts, and floods are expected to increase in their frequency and intensity in the next hundred years (IPCC 2007), which could amplify the risk of associated morbidity and mortality. In a study on nine California counties from May through September of 1 ...
... Extreme weather events, such as heat-waves, droughts, and floods are expected to increase in their frequency and intensity in the next hundred years (IPCC 2007), which could amplify the risk of associated morbidity and mortality. In a study on nine California counties from May through September of 1 ...
The Future of Sturgeon Caviar in the Caspian Sea
... ensure caviar production in the future. • Ineffective Quota Systems ...
... ensure caviar production in the future. • Ineffective Quota Systems ...
freeze-thaw and precipitation report
... occurring. Actions can be taken to become more prepared for unexpected events, to minimize the negative impacts of events already occurring or expected, or to maximize any positive benefits that may arise. Adaptation is different than climate change mitigation, which refers to actions that reduce th ...
... occurring. Actions can be taken to become more prepared for unexpected events, to minimize the negative impacts of events already occurring or expected, or to maximize any positive benefits that may arise. Adaptation is different than climate change mitigation, which refers to actions that reduce th ...
Trends in Observation and Research of Deep Ocean Circulation and
... mass is about 260 times larger than the atmospheric mass. The total heat capacity of the oceans is about 1,000 times the mass of the atmosphere. Therefore, a change in ocean heat content exerts a tremendous influence on the distribution of heat on Earth and eventually on changes in surface air tempe ...
... mass is about 260 times larger than the atmospheric mass. The total heat capacity of the oceans is about 1,000 times the mass of the atmosphere. Therefore, a change in ocean heat content exerts a tremendous influence on the distribution of heat on Earth and eventually on changes in surface air tempe ...
ENABLING SMALL-SCALE FARMERS
... poverty, and the majority of these (65 percent) live in rural areas, where they work primarily in agriculture.3 Climate change in Senegal is causing severe weather distortions, such as unpredictability in the start of the rainy season, declining rainfall, and rising temperatures, all of which affect ...
... poverty, and the majority of these (65 percent) live in rural areas, where they work primarily in agriculture.3 Climate change in Senegal is causing severe weather distortions, such as unpredictability in the start of the rainy season, declining rainfall, and rising temperatures, all of which affect ...
Why join a carbon club? A study of the banks participating
... public, clients and even the regulation bodies. Thus, the possibility for firms to acquire reputational value from joining these initiatives would be limited (Koehler, 2007). This question is essential when it comes to climate change, which is aggravated by large uncertainty on the part of the genera ...
... public, clients and even the regulation bodies. Thus, the possibility for firms to acquire reputational value from joining these initiatives would be limited (Koehler, 2007). This question is essential when it comes to climate change, which is aggravated by large uncertainty on the part of the genera ...
... Parties/Countries (38 countries). The Protocol entered into force on 16 February 2005. Annex B Parties to the Kyoto Protocol agreed to reduce their collective GHG emission levels by at least 5 per cent below 1990 levels over a five-year commitment period from 2008 to 2012. The amount of carbon dioxi ...
Climate Change
... 1. Food security vulnerability to climate change begins with biophysical effects at the level of individual farms on plants and animals and the systems in which they are managed. These effects alter livelihoods in rural areas directly and urban areas indirectly. International markets transmit the ef ...
... 1. Food security vulnerability to climate change begins with biophysical effects at the level of individual farms on plants and animals and the systems in which they are managed. These effects alter livelihoods in rural areas directly and urban areas indirectly. International markets transmit the ef ...
Internal and forced climate variability during the last millennium: a
... variations. In order to simulate the observed warming of the last century, it has been necessary to include also anthropogenic forcings (e.g., Crowley, 2000; Stott et al., 2000; Bertrand et al., 2002; Meehl et al., 2002). Climate models used for an assessment of externally forced millennial-scale va ...
... variations. In order to simulate the observed warming of the last century, it has been necessary to include also anthropogenic forcings (e.g., Crowley, 2000; Stott et al., 2000; Bertrand et al., 2002; Meehl et al., 2002). Climate models used for an assessment of externally forced millennial-scale va ...
Climate change feedback
Climate change feedback is important in the understanding of global warming because feedback processes may amplify or diminish the effect of each climate forcing, and so play an important part in determining the climate sensitivity and future climate state. Feedback in general is the process in which changing one quantity changes a second quantity, and the change in the second quantity in turn changes the first. Positive feedback amplifies the change in the first quantity while negative feedback reduces it.The term ""forcing"" means a change which may ""push"" the climate system in the direction of warming or cooling. An example of a climate forcing is increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. By definition, forcings are external to the climate system while feedbacks are internal; in essence, feedbacks represent the internal processes of the system. Some feedbacks may act in relative isolation to the rest of the climate system; others may be tightly coupled; hence it may be difficult to tell just how much a particular process contributes. Forcings, feedbacks and the dynamics of the climate system determine how much and how fast the climate changes. The main positive feedback in global warming is the tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, which in turn leads to further warming. The main negative feedback comes from the Stefan–Boltzmann law, the amount of heat radiated from the Earth into space changes with the fourth power of the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere.Some observed and potential effects of global warming are positive feedbacks, which contribute directly to further global warming. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report states that ""Anthropogenic warming could lead to some effects that are abrupt or irreversible, depending upon the rate and magnitude of the climate change.""