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Poisoning in Children
Poisoning in Children

... • 1. Pathogen: Sufficient number of microorganisms strong enough to enter and survive the body. • 2. Reservoir: the proper environment within the body to thrive must include oxygen water, food, and the best pH balance and temperature. • 3. Portal of exit: the pathogen must be able to exit its existi ...
Bluff your way in epidemic models
Bluff your way in epidemic models

... play an important role in the epidemiology of infec- with time. A large number of compartmental models tious disease. The most important example of this is have been described in the literature 7-9, but we will describe one of the simplest here. For obvious reasons the basic reproduction ratio, Ro, ...
How is Biosecurity Achieved? - MVDr.Josef Holejšovský,Ph.D.
How is Biosecurity Achieved? - MVDr.Josef Holejšovský,Ph.D.

... • The physical methods available for inactivating infectious agents include: – heat (moist or dry), – ultraviolet light and – irradiation. • Thermal inactivation - most widely used physical methods ...
Goals
Goals

...  Comoros Islands, ‘05-’06 – 63% attack rate (> 200K ill)  80% in bed, median time: 6d (range 1-30d)  India, 2006 – 1.3M persons ill  Potential for sustained local transmission following return of viremic travelers (Italy 2007)  Ae aegypti & Ae albopictus both play major roles ...
Infectious Diseases and Human Population History
Infectious Diseases and Human Population History

... played an indisputably major role in human history. The continual expansion of human populations since prehistoric times has led to successive invasions of the human population by increasing numbers of different pathogens. Today many people's worries about emerging pathogens have been sharply foclls ...
Pathogens in the Environment
Pathogens in the Environment

... – Obligate intracellular parasites; recruit host cell to make new viruses, often destroying the cell • Non-enveloped viruses tend to be the most persistent in the environment (particularly in aqueous systems) – Protein coat confers stability • Enteric viruses are most relevant for waterborne exposur ...
- Wiley Online Library
- Wiley Online Library

... which are zoonotic (Table 1). In fact, many, if not all, of the drugs currently used to treat human NTDs are the same as those used treat animal diseases and indeed were initially developed for veterinary use (Table 1). The use of these drugs in humans may therefore also affect parasites in animal p ...
Infectious_epidemiology
Infectious_epidemiology

... Epidemic: [from the Greek epi (upon), dēmos (people)] The occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior, or other health-related events clearly in excess of normal expectancy. The community or region and the period in which the cases occur must be speci ...
Theodore Andreadis, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station
Theodore Andreadis, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station

... – All vector-borne pathogens spend a part of their life cycle in cold-blooded arthropods and are subject to environmental factors – Marginal changes in temperature, humidity and rainfall can have potentially large biological effects on disease transmission ...
Sublingual Sufentanil, an “Ideal” Opioid for Acute and Breakthrough
Sublingual Sufentanil, an “Ideal” Opioid for Acute and Breakthrough

... Tong-Joo Gan, MD MHS1; Pamela P. Palmer, MD PhD2,3; Mike A. Royal, MD JD3 1Duke ...
Outdoor environments and human pathogens in air | SpringerLink
Outdoor environments and human pathogens in air | SpringerLink

... New and emerging diseases are a major health concern because we do not know much about them. We do not yet know how best to prevent and control them and, most importantly, we often do not know how to treat them, but it is likely that genetics and the state of the immune system of the global populati ...
Fast-killing parasites can be favoured in spatially structured
Fast-killing parasites can be favoured in spatially structured

... Many parasites, however, must kill their hosts to achieve transmission, and in these contexts selection by definition favours maximal virulence. These obligately killing parasites are found among many groups of organisms, including bacteriophages, nuclear polyhedroviruses, bacteria, nematodes, fungi ...
What about viruses?
What about viruses?

... But, what’s the text have to say about all this? ...
Symposium: Newly Emerging Viral Diseases: What Role
Symposium: Newly Emerging Viral Diseases: What Role

... discoveries of ‘‘new’’ zoonoses suggest that the known viruses are only a fraction of the total number that exist in nature, and they are continually evolving. The identification of the virus responsible for the recent ‘‘Four Corners’’ disease in the western United States is another example (the dis ...
Reading Guide for Week 1 – Bio260
Reading Guide for Week 1 – Bio260

... Colleen Sheridan Stage 01 – Disease Transmission In this unit we are trying to figure out how diseases like whooping cough, influenza, and healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are transmitted and how their transmission through the environment can be reduced. In this week’s reading you will learn ...
Journal Club - Clinical Chemistry
Journal Club - Clinical Chemistry

... “Universal Precautions is an approach to infection control. According to the concept of Universal Precautions, all human blood and certain human body fluids are treated as if known to be infectious for HIV, HBV, and other bloodborne pathogens.” ...
Coupling Within-Host and Between-Host Infectious
Coupling Within-Host and Between-Host Infectious

... be addressed with epidemic models regard the fraction of the population that needs to be vaccinated to eradicate a disease, the reproduction number of various disease outbreaks and what efficacy do control measures have. Pathogen reproduction, transmission and evolution are processes that span sever ...
bloodborne pathogens refresher level of instruction
bloodborne pathogens refresher level of instruction

... Disease transmission is a two-way street a. ...
No transmission of pathogen* between humans (eg tetanus, rabies)
No transmission of pathogen* between humans (eg tetanus, rabies)

... Selective interventions in small groups which do not contribute significantly to the transmission of the infection (hepatitis A vaccination in travellers from low to high endemicity countries) ...
(PDF, Unknown)
(PDF, Unknown)

... some of the activities common to living things. But they are missing many of the others. In general, viruses consist of a single strand of genetic information (DNA or RNA), held inside a protein capsule. Viruses lack most of the internal structure and machinery that cells have, including the molecul ...
Powerpoint
Powerpoint

... male, characterised by larger cluster sizes with evidence of local transmission networks up to 27 individuals. ...
C 2.0  P
C 2.0 P

... Although the majority of pathogen-caused disease outbreaks in the United States occur as a result of ingestion during recreation or through consumption of contaminated food, the presence of pathogens in surface waters, albeit at low levels, is a subject of continuing interest for water suppliers bec ...
pathogens - science
pathogens - science

... GCSE Core Science ...
Indicator Organisms
Indicator Organisms

... • Salmonella enteriditis and Campylobacter jejuni in poultry – “Normal flora” for local populations may be pathogenic for visitors and transient populations: • “Traveller’s diarrhea” due to local strains of E. coli – Some “normal flora” are pathogenic for sensitive populations, such as immunocomprom ...
Building the Model
Building the Model

... planning of preventive measures and responses. Both require precise reasoning and extensive analysis. ...
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Cross-species transmission

Cross-species transmission (CST) is the phenomenon of transfer of viral infection from one species, usually a similar species, to another. Often seen in emerging viruses where one species transfers to another which in turn transfers to humans. Examples include HIV-AIDS, SARS, Ebola, Swine flu, rabies, and Bird flu.The exact mechanism that facilitates the transfer is unknown, however, it is believed that viruses with a rapid mutation rate are able to overcome host-specific immunological defenses. This can occur between species that have high contact rates. It can also occur between species with low contact rates but usually through an intermediary species. Bats, for example, are mammals and can directly transfer rabies to humans through bite and also through aerosolization of bat salvia and urine which are then absorbed by human mucous membranes in the nose, mouth and eyes.Similarity between species, for example, transfer between mammals, is believed to be facilitated by similar immunological defenses. Other factors include geographic area, intraspecies behaviours, and phylogenetic relatedness. Virus emergence relies on two factors: initial infection and sustained transmission.
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