What do the Appendices to the Copenhagen Accord tell us about global greenhouse gas emissions and the prospects for avoiding a rise in global average temperature of more than 2°C? (436 kB) (opens in new window)
... Adopting a different approach or different assumptions, including underlying ‘business as usual’ estimates, can lead to different findings. Although other modelling groups have reached different conclusions, most other studies have produced estimates that are in line with ours. There is some scope f ...
... Adopting a different approach or different assumptions, including underlying ‘business as usual’ estimates, can lead to different findings. Although other modelling groups have reached different conclusions, most other studies have produced estimates that are in line with ours. There is some scope f ...
THE SCHMIDT FAMILY FOUNDATION
... Others we support are demonstrating the power of small communities, in the U.S. and abroad, to drive significant local change that improves the quality of life for local people and others far distant, in the countless networks to which they are also attached. The health of a child in rural China or ...
... Others we support are demonstrating the power of small communities, in the U.S. and abroad, to drive significant local change that improves the quality of life for local people and others far distant, in the countless networks to which they are also attached. The health of a child in rural China or ...
Australian rangelands and climate change – aquatic
... All freshwater ecosystems are vulnerable to climate change because of their relative isolation and physical fragmentation within terrestrial landscapes (Woodward et al. 2010). These factors mean that many aquatic species will have limited ability to disperse as temperatures increase and previously p ...
... All freshwater ecosystems are vulnerable to climate change because of their relative isolation and physical fragmentation within terrestrial landscapes (Woodward et al. 2010). These factors mean that many aquatic species will have limited ability to disperse as temperatures increase and previously p ...
Projected impacts of climate change and ocean
... et al., 1999). Each species has a unique optimum temperature range with a fairly sharp drop in their growth rates at either extreme (Lombard et al., 2009a; Fig. S1). Yet other factors have been shown to influence the distribution patterns of Foraminifera (e.g. Fairbanks et al., 1982; Bijma et al., 1 ...
... et al., 1999). Each species has a unique optimum temperature range with a fairly sharp drop in their growth rates at either extreme (Lombard et al., 2009a; Fig. S1). Yet other factors have been shown to influence the distribution patterns of Foraminifera (e.g. Fairbanks et al., 1982; Bijma et al., 1 ...
Climate
... variation are associated with changes in Earth’s position relative to the sun. Climate has varied over hundreds and thousands of years. These variations have influenced the evolutionary history of organisms and the development of ecosystems. Earth is tilted at an angle of 23.5° relative to the ...
... variation are associated with changes in Earth’s position relative to the sun. Climate has varied over hundreds and thousands of years. These variations have influenced the evolutionary history of organisms and the development of ecosystems. Earth is tilted at an angle of 23.5° relative to the ...
Impacts of climate change on water resources
... The present research study provides a synthesis of scientific evidence on climate change impacts on water resources in Europe. Observed and projected changes at regional level are analysed in detail. Challenges for European societies that result from these changes in water resources are derived, and ...
... The present research study provides a synthesis of scientific evidence on climate change impacts on water resources in Europe. Observed and projected changes at regional level are analysed in detail. Challenges for European societies that result from these changes in water resources are derived, and ...
Baseline study for the Climate Change, Agriculture and Poverty
... leaders have a firm understanding of the linkage that exists between climate change, C3S the linkages between climate change, agriculture and sustainable land and natural resource C3S agriculture and sustainable land management. Their descriptions generally focus on how and natural resources managem ...
... leaders have a firm understanding of the linkage that exists between climate change, C3S the linkages between climate change, agriculture and sustainable land and natural resource C3S agriculture and sustainable land management. Their descriptions generally focus on how and natural resources managem ...
Global Climate Change:
... 15ºC in 100-1000 years = 1.5º- 15ºC per Century Current warming is at about 0.5ºC over the last century The IPCC Third Assessment Report (2001) estimate for the Climate Sensitivity is 1.5 to 4.5 °C; and the average surface temperature is projected to increase by 1.4 to 5.8 Celsius degrees over the ...
... 15ºC in 100-1000 years = 1.5º- 15ºC per Century Current warming is at about 0.5ºC over the last century The IPCC Third Assessment Report (2001) estimate for the Climate Sensitivity is 1.5 to 4.5 °C; and the average surface temperature is projected to increase by 1.4 to 5.8 Celsius degrees over the ...
STATE OF THE ANTARCTIC AND SOUTHERN OCEAN CLIMATE
... the Antarctic takes place when Greenland is at its coldest, the period when armadas of icebergs crossed the North Atlantic in so-called Heinrich events. Moreover, warming in the Antarctic is gradual whereas warming in the associated Greenland signal is abrupt. These relationships are interpreted as ...
... the Antarctic takes place when Greenland is at its coldest, the period when armadas of icebergs crossed the North Atlantic in so-called Heinrich events. Moreover, warming in the Antarctic is gradual whereas warming in the associated Greenland signal is abrupt. These relationships are interpreted as ...
Urban Forest Climate Adaptation Framework for Metro Vancouver
... have adopted bylaws to protect trees on private land and regulate tree removal. Of Metro Vancouver’s 21 member municipalities, one Electoral Area and one Treaty First Nation, nine have a city‐wide urban forest management plan published online or noted as being in progress: City of Maple Ridge ( ...
... have adopted bylaws to protect trees on private land and regulate tree removal. Of Metro Vancouver’s 21 member municipalities, one Electoral Area and one Treaty First Nation, nine have a city‐wide urban forest management plan published online or noted as being in progress: City of Maple Ridge ( ...
M D N R
... best available science indicates the acceleration is likely to continue, and warming in the next 40 years will be roughly 10 times as fast as the warming over the past 100 years in Michigan. Michigan wildlife face myriad conservation challenges, including land use change and habitat loss, habitat fr ...
... best available science indicates the acceleration is likely to continue, and warming in the next 40 years will be roughly 10 times as fast as the warming over the past 100 years in Michigan. Michigan wildlife face myriad conservation challenges, including land use change and habitat loss, habitat fr ...
12th Annual Global CEO Survey
... Another part of the shift in mindset that is required is the assumption of responsibility for issues, such as climate change, that were once considered outside the scope of any single business. Meeting the challenges and opportunities demand more collaboration among a wider group of stakeholders, an ...
... Another part of the shift in mindset that is required is the assumption of responsibility for issues, such as climate change, that were once considered outside the scope of any single business. Meeting the challenges and opportunities demand more collaboration among a wider group of stakeholders, an ...
Global Climate Models and Their Limitations
... At the core of a GCM is an AGCM that dynamically simulates the circulation of the atmosphere, including the many processes that regulate energy transport and exchange by and within the atmospheric flow. The basic atmospheric flow is represented by fundamental equations that link the mass distributio ...
... At the core of a GCM is an AGCM that dynamically simulates the circulation of the atmosphere, including the many processes that regulate energy transport and exchange by and within the atmospheric flow. The basic atmospheric flow is represented by fundamental equations that link the mass distributio ...
fracking activist toolkit - Chesapeake Climate Action Network
... 1. Exposure to the chemicals used or released in hydraulic fracturing and hydraulic fracturing‑related activities may pose a widespread and significant risk to public health, safety, and the environment. 2. Hydraulic fracturing and hydraulic fracturing‑related activities can involve the use of high ...
... 1. Exposure to the chemicals used or released in hydraulic fracturing and hydraulic fracturing‑related activities may pose a widespread and significant risk to public health, safety, and the environment. 2. Hydraulic fracturing and hydraulic fracturing‑related activities can involve the use of high ...
Quantifying the cost of climate change impacts on local
... Evans, A – Bureau of Meteorology Climate Division South Australia Acknowledgement This work was carried out with financial support from the Australian Government (Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency) and the National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility. The role of NCCARF is t ...
... Evans, A – Bureau of Meteorology Climate Division South Australia Acknowledgement This work was carried out with financial support from the Australian Government (Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency) and the National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility. The role of NCCARF is t ...
A Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment for Aquatic
... Greg’s commitment to responsible resource management, his humble approach to executing that management, his gentle way of encouraging the best from others, and his passion for life (both at work and play) ...
... Greg’s commitment to responsible resource management, his humble approach to executing that management, his gentle way of encouraging the best from others, and his passion for life (both at work and play) ...
Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System and
... cloud albedo (indirect cloud albedo effect) and reduces the precipitation efficiency (indirect cloud lifetime effect), both of which are likely to result in a reduction of the global, annual mean net radiation at the top of the atmosphere. However, these effects may be partly offset by evaporation o ...
... cloud albedo (indirect cloud albedo effect) and reduces the precipitation efficiency (indirect cloud lifetime effect), both of which are likely to result in a reduction of the global, annual mean net radiation at the top of the atmosphere. However, these effects may be partly offset by evaporation o ...
New Zealand glacier response to climate change of the past 2
... change in mass balance, there is a lag before the length of a glacier starts to change, and it will continue to change until a new equilibrium length is reached. This time taken for a glacier to fully adjust to a change in its mass balance is the ‘filling time’ or ‘ volume response time’ ŽPaterson, ...
... change in mass balance, there is a lag before the length of a glacier starts to change, and it will continue to change until a new equilibrium length is reached. This time taken for a glacier to fully adjust to a change in its mass balance is the ‘filling time’ or ‘ volume response time’ ŽPaterson, ...
Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System
... cloud albedo (indirect cloud albedo effect) and reduces the precipitation efficiency (indirect cloud lifetime effect), both of which are likely to result in a reduction of the global, annual mean net radiation at the top of the atmosphere. However, these effects may be partly offset by evaporation o ...
... cloud albedo (indirect cloud albedo effect) and reduces the precipitation efficiency (indirect cloud lifetime effect), both of which are likely to result in a reduction of the global, annual mean net radiation at the top of the atmosphere. However, these effects may be partly offset by evaporation o ...
Granger causality from changes in level of atmospheric CO2 to
... cal mechanisms. Chen and Tung (2014) place these proposed explanations into two categories. The first involves a reduction in radiative forcing: by a decrease in stratospheric water vapour, an increase in background stratospheric volcanic aerosols, by 17 small volcano eruptions since 1999, increasin ...
... cal mechanisms. Chen and Tung (2014) place these proposed explanations into two categories. The first involves a reduction in radiative forcing: by a decrease in stratospheric water vapour, an increase in background stratospheric volcanic aerosols, by 17 small volcano eruptions since 1999, increasin ...
Temporal evolution of the ecological niche of the
... habitats for a given species and to project these habitats under new environmental or climatic conditions. When the projections are made using estimated climatic conditions from climate change scenarios, they are a powerful tool to inform decision makers about the potential changes in the species di ...
... habitats for a given species and to project these habitats under new environmental or climatic conditions. When the projections are made using estimated climatic conditions from climate change scenarios, they are a powerful tool to inform decision makers about the potential changes in the species di ...
A Question of Balance - Yale Economics
... signals—such as greater high-latitude warming—that are distinguishing indicators of this particular type of warming. Recent evidence and model predictions suggest that global mean surface temperature will rise sharply in the next century and beyond. Climate Change 2007, the Fourth Assessment Report ...
... signals—such as greater high-latitude warming—that are distinguishing indicators of this particular type of warming. Recent evidence and model predictions suggest that global mean surface temperature will rise sharply in the next century and beyond. Climate Change 2007, the Fourth Assessment Report ...
Cloud feedback mechanisms and their representation in global
... clouds will change, resulting in a radiative feedback by clouds1, 2. While this cloud feedback is positive in most GCMs and hence acts to amplify global warming, GCMs diverge substantially on its magnitude3. Accurately simulating clouds and their radiative effects has been ...
... clouds will change, resulting in a radiative feedback by clouds1, 2. While this cloud feedback is positive in most GCMs and hence acts to amplify global warming, GCMs diverge substantially on its magnitude3. Accurately simulating clouds and their radiative effects has been ...
Scientific opinion on climate change
The scientific opinion on climate change is the overall judgment amongst scientists about whether global warming is happening, and if so, its causes and probable consequences. This scientific opinion is expressed in synthesis reports, by scientific bodies of national or international standing, and by surveys of opinion among climate scientists. Individual scientists, universities, and laboratories contribute to the overall scientific opinion via their peer-reviewed publications, and the areas of collective agreement and relative certainty are summarised in these high level reports and surveys.The scientific consensus is that the Earth's climate system is unequivocally warming, and that it is extremely likely (at least 95% probability) that humans are causing most of it through activities that increase concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as deforestation and burning fossil fuels. In addition, it is likely that some potential further greenhouse gas warming has been offset by increased aerosols.National and international science academies and scientific societies have assessed current scientific opinion on global warming. These assessments are generally consistent with the conclusions of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report summarized:Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as evidenced by increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, the widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level.Most of the global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human activities.Benefits and costs of climate change for [human] society will vary widely by location and scale. Some of the effects in temperate and polar regions will be positive and others elsewhere will be negative. Overall, net effects are more likely to be strongly negative with larger or more rapid warming.The range of published evidence indicates that the net damage costs of climate change are likely to be significant and to increase over time.The resilience of many ecosystems is likely to be exceeded this century by an unprecedented combination of climate change, associated disturbances (e.g. flooding, drought, wildfire, insects, ocean acidification) and other global change drivers (e.g. land-use change, pollution, fragmentation of natural systems, over-exploitation of resources).Some scientific bodies have recommended specific policies to governments and science can play a role in informing an effective response to climate change, however, policy decisions may require value judgements and so are not included in the scientific opinion.No scientific body of national or international standing maintains a formal opinion dissenting from any of these main points. The last national or international scientific body to drop dissent was the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, which in 2007 updated its statement to its current non-committal position. Some other organizations, primarily those focusing on geology, also hold non-committal positions.