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The Effect of Milankovitch Variations in Insolation on Equatorial
The Effect of Milankovitch Variations in Insolation on Equatorial

... top of the atmosphere (TOA) is depicted. Minimum OLR values indicate the location of the ITCZ as high clouds there associated with the ITCZ emit low longwave radiation because of their cold cloud-top temperature. There are also indications that the phase locking of ENSO to the seasonal cycle may be ...
Indian Ocean Territory Climate Change Risk Assessment
Indian Ocean Territory Climate Change Risk Assessment

... The IOT are home to distinctive ecosystems and a number of endemic species that are considered to be vulnerable to climate change. Terrestrial forests in particular, are highly sensitive to increases in temperature and humidity, and any changes in evapo-transpiration would affect soil moisture, fore ...
Enrichment of silicate and CO2 and circulation of the bottom water in
Enrichment of silicate and CO2 and circulation of the bottom water in

... The circulation of the Weddell Sea is dominated by a large, elongated cyclonic gyre. In the west the gyre is bounded by the Antarctic Peninsula and in the east it extends to about 30°E (Orsi et al., 1993). In the latter region the gyre is supplied with Circumpolar Deep Water of the Antarctic Circump ...
Marine Traffic in the Arctic
Marine Traffic in the Arctic

... be adversely affected. This will mean that, even if there is less ice overall, it will be much harder, pose more of a damage risk and be more difficult to break the passage through. ...
Magellan, Coronado, Raleigh, La Salle
Magellan, Coronado, Raleigh, La Salle

... • He did not complete his final, westward voyage; he was killed during the Battle of Mactan in the Phillipines (April 27, 1521). He did, however, die farther west than the Spice Islands of Indonesia, which he had visited from the west on earlier voyages, making him one of the 1st individuals to cros ...
M. Tech. Coastal Management
M. Tech. Coastal Management

... Survey of India – Triangulation stations – Positioning Methods – Horizontal Control Methods – Vertical Control Methods – Instruments used – Topographic surveying applied to hydrography- Global Positioning systems (GPS) – establishing control points – Intensification of control – Precise spirit level ...
Chapter 32 Capacity building in relation to human activities affecting
Chapter 32 Capacity building in relation to human activities affecting

... assessing capture fisheries correctly, there is insufficient capacity for assessing impacts of aquaculture on the surrounding marine ecosystems and more generally for assessing environmental impacts that are anthropogenic, and/or due to climate change and invasion of alien species, as well as for so ...
Modelling the tides and their impacts on the vertical stratification
Modelling the tides and their impacts on the vertical stratification

... is transported offshore during ebbing tides. It is also during the low tide that the highest concentrations of nutrients, such as nitrates, phosphates and silicates, are found at bottom depths of the bank (Leal et al. 2009). The bank has four distinct water masses: low salinity shelf water; warmer o ...
Oceans and Coasts
Oceans and Coasts

...  Erosional attack from both sides creates a sea arch.  Collapse of the sea arch leaves remnant sea stacks. ...
David BARBER - 174460
David BARBER - 174460

... decadal variability and long-term trends and during regulation and diversion (calculated from hydrometric data reported online by Environment Canada). in the formation, breakup, and melt of the Hudson Bay ice pack demonstrate that the ice-free season is becoming longer in both spring and autumn as a ...
Carbon dioxide and climate impulse response functions for the
Carbon dioxide and climate impulse response functions for the

3. deep-sea ecosystems: pristine biodiversity reservoir and
3. deep-sea ecosystems: pristine biodiversity reservoir and

... where physical and biological processes remained unchanged over short and long time scales. There is now evidence that physical disturbances occur at abyssal plains, causing important biological responses. For example, there are daily and annual tidal variations in the flow of cold dense water close ...
before the secretary of the interior petition to list the emperor penguin
before the secretary of the interior petition to list the emperor penguin

... the most dramatic warming, and continent-wide temperature increases have occurred. The Southern Ocean has also warmed considerably during the second half of the twentieth century. Climate change has altered sea ice dynamics, reduced mean annual sea ice, and caused ice shelf retreat and disappearance ...
Ocean Conservation Strategies and the Next Decade of Marine
Ocean Conservation Strategies and the Next Decade of Marine

Washing Away Our Heritage: The Impacts of Rising Sea
Washing Away Our Heritage: The Impacts of Rising Sea

... impacts, the physical impacts to specific structures and historic districts is discussed. However, the economic and social impacts that will occur from the loss or semidestruction of these historic resources will also be delved into. This thesis assesses what policies are already in place on a local ...
Ocean Conservation Strategies and the Next Decade of Marine
Ocean Conservation Strategies and the Next Decade of Marine

ICEBERGS
ICEBERGS

the west greenland shelf
the west greenland shelf

... exploitation. Often these activities take place in areas essential for the Arctic wildlife and/or areas used for fishing and hunting, potentially creating conflicts of interests. This report points at six areas along the West Greenland coast that are exceptional productive and diverse as well as the ...
report of governing council meeting
report of governing council meeting

... Mexican representative on the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), to further explore the interest of Mexican government agencies involved, and the formal procedures to be followed to have Mexico accede to the PICES Convention. It was agreed that the Mexican IOC National Committee could ...
coral taxonomy, coral bleaching, scuba diving and intertidal
coral taxonomy, coral bleaching, scuba diving and intertidal

... Stony corals can also be divided into zooxanthellate and non-zooxanthellate corals. Zooxanthellate corals form symbiotic relationships with algae which live inside the coral skeleton, providing energy for the colony. Non-zooxanthellate corals, as you might imagine, do not rely on algae for food. In ...
coral taxonomy, coral bleaching, scuba diving
coral taxonomy, coral bleaching, scuba diving

... Stony corals can also be divided into zooxanthellate and non-zooxanthellate corals. Zooxanthellate corals form symbiotic relationships with algae which live inside the coral skeleton, providing energy for the colony. Non-zooxanthellate corals, as you might imagine, do not rely on algae for food. In ...
Seafloor weathering controls on atmospheric C02 and global climate
Seafloor weathering controls on atmospheric C02 and global climate

... weathering refers to the oxidative and nonoxidative alteration which occurs when seawater comes into contact with the upper several hundred meters of the oceanic crust, as well as the alteration of exposed ocean floor by seawater. We are specifically interested in the leaching of Ca during seafloor ...
Chapter 9: Extreme Sea Level Projections
Chapter 9: Extreme Sea Level Projections

... Changes in extreme sea levels arise through some combination of: (i) changes in timemean regional sea level; (ii) changes driven by regional processes that control the most extreme sea levels, which are often linked to local meteorology. Changes in time-mean regional sea level have been presented in ...
FINAL DRAFT IPCC WGII AR5 Chapter 6 Subject to Final Copyedit 1
FINAL DRAFT IPCC WGII AR5 Chapter 6 Subject to Final Copyedit 1

... Climate change alters physical, chemical, and biological properties of the ocean (very high confidence). Oceanic drivers include salinity, circulation, temperature, carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), nutrients, and light. These drivers shape the physiological performance of individual cells and orga ...
International Coral Reef Initiative Call To Action
International Coral Reef Initiative Call To Action

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Effects of global warming on oceans



Global warming can affect sea levels, coastlines, ocean acidification, ocean currents, seawater, sea surface temperatures, tides, the sea floor, weather, and trigger several changes in ocean bio-geochemistry; all of these affect the functioning of a society.
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