Hermit Anemone video
... fungus. The fungus needs food but cannot make it. The algae makes food but needs some way to keep moist. The fungus forms a crust around the algae which holds in moisture. Both organisms benefit. ...
... fungus. The fungus needs food but cannot make it. The algae makes food but needs some way to keep moist. The fungus forms a crust around the algae which holds in moisture. Both organisms benefit. ...
Relationships: Predation, Competition, Symbiosis
... Can insects hunt for food? When you think of an animal hunting for its food, large animals such as lions may come to mind. But many tiny animals also hunt for their food. For example, this praying mantis is eating a grasshopper. To eat the grasshopper, the praying mantis first had to catch the grass ...
... Can insects hunt for food? When you think of an animal hunting for its food, large animals such as lions may come to mind. But many tiny animals also hunt for their food. For example, this praying mantis is eating a grasshopper. To eat the grasshopper, the praying mantis first had to catch the grass ...
Comparative evolution of flower and fruit morphology
... sorting. Thus, we expect fruit traits in animal-dispersed plant species to exhibit low levels of diversification relative to flowers. Consistent with this expectation, a large percentage of animal-dispersed plant species have either red or black fruits (62– 66%, Wheelwright & Janson 1985) despite a ...
... sorting. Thus, we expect fruit traits in animal-dispersed plant species to exhibit low levels of diversification relative to flowers. Consistent with this expectation, a large percentage of animal-dispersed plant species have either red or black fruits (62– 66%, Wheelwright & Janson 1985) despite a ...
Comparative evolution of flower and fruit morphology
... sorting. Thus, we expect fruit traits in animal-dispersed plant species to exhibit low levels of diversification relative to flowers. Consistent with this expectation, a large percentage of animal-dispersed plant species have either red or black fruits (62– 66%, Wheelwright & Janson 1985) despite a ...
... sorting. Thus, we expect fruit traits in animal-dispersed plant species to exhibit low levels of diversification relative to flowers. Consistent with this expectation, a large percentage of animal-dispersed plant species have either red or black fruits (62– 66%, Wheelwright & Janson 1985) despite a ...
Population
... Drive Each Other’s Evolution • Intense natural selection pressures between predator and prey populations • Coevolution • Interact over a long period of time • Bats and moths: echolocation of bats and sensitive hearing of moths ...
... Drive Each Other’s Evolution • Intense natural selection pressures between predator and prey populations • Coevolution • Interact over a long period of time • Bats and moths: echolocation of bats and sensitive hearing of moths ...
How do plants do it? Reproduction: from algae to flowering plants
... Fossil records indicate that higher plants evolved from algae ...
... Fossil records indicate that higher plants evolved from algae ...
Lesson 5.3 Ecological Communities
... Competition • Organisms compete when they seek the same limited resource. • In rare cases, one species can entirely exclude another from using resources. • To reduce competition, species often partition resources, which can lead to character displacement. ...
... Competition • Organisms compete when they seek the same limited resource. • In rare cases, one species can entirely exclude another from using resources. • To reduce competition, species often partition resources, which can lead to character displacement. ...
Case Studies of Arthropod Diversity and Distribution
... found that most herbivore species had wide host plant ranges within plant genera, but were restricted to only a few genera. A similar pattern has been found for tropical mites that feed on nectar in hummingbird-pollinated flowers (Naskrecki and Colwell 1998). Because speciose plant genera (such as T ...
... found that most herbivore species had wide host plant ranges within plant genera, but were restricted to only a few genera. A similar pattern has been found for tropical mites that feed on nectar in hummingbird-pollinated flowers (Naskrecki and Colwell 1998). Because speciose plant genera (such as T ...
Community ecology – interactions between individuals of different
... population “beach head”. They compete with old Anolis inhabitants. The larger members of the old Anolis population have less competition, though, because the new immigrants are all small. 4. The large members of the old Anolis population undergo rapid character displacement and develop species isola ...
... population “beach head”. They compete with old Anolis inhabitants. The larger members of the old Anolis population have less competition, though, because the new immigrants are all small. 4. The large members of the old Anolis population undergo rapid character displacement and develop species isola ...
11.6 Patterns in Evolution
... – thought to be caused by catastrophic events – at least five mass extinctions in last 600 million years ...
... – thought to be caused by catastrophic events – at least five mass extinctions in last 600 million years ...
Law of the unspecialized - Department of Ecology and Evolutionary
... Rearguard action: why do some butterflies have false heads? Most readers of TREE will know that some butterfly species have developed colour patterns that make them look as though they have another head at the posterior end of their body. This phenomenon is a classic example used in adaptive colorat ...
... Rearguard action: why do some butterflies have false heads? Most readers of TREE will know that some butterfly species have developed colour patterns that make them look as though they have another head at the posterior end of their body. This phenomenon is a classic example used in adaptive colorat ...
Investigating biodiversity
... How does species density relate to species diversity? ?? What are the species densities of all mammals in hot spot areas? (Hint: Use the legend.) [~240] ?? How do these numbers compare to the mammalian carnivores? [Ten times larger or more] ?? Is that expected based on trophic energy availability? [ ...
... How does species density relate to species diversity? ?? What are the species densities of all mammals in hot spot areas? (Hint: Use the legend.) [~240] ?? How do these numbers compare to the mammalian carnivores? [Ten times larger or more] ?? Is that expected based on trophic energy availability? [ ...
view a PDF - Cal-IPC
... Genista fragrans) are currently not known to be invasive. However, because of the lack of information on their potential for invading beyond landscaped areas, we do not recommend them as a substitute for other brooms. ...
... Genista fragrans) are currently not known to be invasive. However, because of the lack of information on their potential for invading beyond landscaped areas, we do not recommend them as a substitute for other brooms. ...
Chapter 17 Packet Name_________________________________
... 11. If two animals both eat the same plant we can call them ________________. 12. If a tree provides nutrients and space for another plant on it, but the plant does nothing for the tree it is called ____________. 13. If an animal provided nutrients and a place to live for a tapeworm in its intestine ...
... 11. If two animals both eat the same plant we can call them ________________. 12. If a tree provides nutrients and space for another plant on it, but the plant does nothing for the tree it is called ____________. 13. If an animal provided nutrients and a place to live for a tapeworm in its intestine ...
Section 2.1 Summary – pages 35 - 45
... the sand. The shrimp is nearly blind. It relies upon its partner, the sharp-eyed goby, to warn of danger. When a potential predator approaches, both animals disappear quickly into the burrow ...
... the sand. The shrimp is nearly blind. It relies upon its partner, the sharp-eyed goby, to warn of danger. When a potential predator approaches, both animals disappear quickly into the burrow ...
Pollination biology of the crypto-viviparous Avicennia species
... that it is pollinated by a variety of insects in Australia. These authors also reported that A. marina is visited by ants, wasps, bugs, flies, bee-flies, cantherid beetles, and moths but the most common visitor is Apis mellifera. Tomlinson (1986) described that A. alba, A. marina and A. officinalis ...
... that it is pollinated by a variety of insects in Australia. These authors also reported that A. marina is visited by ants, wasps, bugs, flies, bee-flies, cantherid beetles, and moths but the most common visitor is Apis mellifera. Tomlinson (1986) described that A. alba, A. marina and A. officinalis ...
Notes Chapter 15 Evolution
... A. He proposed that similar species descended from common ancestor, thus living species were descended from similar extinct species evident in the fossil record. 1) He cataloged an extensive collection of invertebrates and related them to living animals based on similar appearances B. To explain how ...
... A. He proposed that similar species descended from common ancestor, thus living species were descended from similar extinct species evident in the fossil record. 1) He cataloged an extensive collection of invertebrates and related them to living animals based on similar appearances B. To explain how ...
parasitism, parasites and their hosts
... the richest parasite fauna is recorded in vertebrates, especially in birds. According to their role in the life cycle of parasites, they are called intermediate (hosting larvae or asexual generations of Protozoa and Metazoa) or final (definitive) hosts (harbouring adult forms of Metazoa or sexual ge ...
... the richest parasite fauna is recorded in vertebrates, especially in birds. According to their role in the life cycle of parasites, they are called intermediate (hosting larvae or asexual generations of Protozoa and Metazoa) or final (definitive) hosts (harbouring adult forms of Metazoa or sexual ge ...
Speciation and Barriers between Gene Pools
... where its sandy color helps conceal it from prey and predators. The ears of the kit fox are larger than those of the red fox. The kit fox's large ears are an adaptation to its desert environment. The enlarged surface area of its ears helps the fox get rid of excess body heat. Similarities in structu ...
... where its sandy color helps conceal it from prey and predators. The ears of the kit fox are larger than those of the red fox. The kit fox's large ears are an adaptation to its desert environment. The enlarged surface area of its ears helps the fox get rid of excess body heat. Similarities in structu ...
PowerPoint Presentation - Insects Inside and Out
... The fourth type is "complete" metamorphosis found in butterflies (Lepidoptera), beetles (Coleoptera), flies (Diptera), and bees, wasps, and ants (Hymenoptera). This life cycle has the four stages of egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Each stage is quite distinct. ...
... The fourth type is "complete" metamorphosis found in butterflies (Lepidoptera), beetles (Coleoptera), flies (Diptera), and bees, wasps, and ants (Hymenoptera). This life cycle has the four stages of egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Each stage is quite distinct. ...
Chasing Ecological Interactions
... restoration of human-disturbed ecosystems urgently require the identification of the minimum amount of complexity that has to be restored to facilitate an ecosystem’s persistence. Considering all the distinct ways in which such highly complex, interactive systems can be decomposed into parts cannot ...
... restoration of human-disturbed ecosystems urgently require the identification of the minimum amount of complexity that has to be restored to facilitate an ecosystem’s persistence. Considering all the distinct ways in which such highly complex, interactive systems can be decomposed into parts cannot ...
Allelopathic adaptation can cause competitive coexistence
... In Fig. 1, I show the coevolutionary dynamics of population sizes Ni and traits ui for several different values of the speed e . In these examples, cyclic of evolutionary adaptation G oscillation occurs, but, depending on conditions, the dynamics may converge to equilibrium. I first discuss the cond ...
... In Fig. 1, I show the coevolutionary dynamics of population sizes Ni and traits ui for several different values of the speed e . In these examples, cyclic of evolutionary adaptation G oscillation occurs, but, depending on conditions, the dynamics may converge to equilibrium. I first discuss the cond ...
Insects and relatives
... chitin, a three part body (includes head, thorax, and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, and 2 antennae . Chitin: complex carbohydrate that makes up the cell walls of fungi and is also found in the external skeleton of arthropods. They are among the most diverse group of animals on the planet an ...
... chitin, a three part body (includes head, thorax, and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, and 2 antennae . Chitin: complex carbohydrate that makes up the cell walls of fungi and is also found in the external skeleton of arthropods. They are among the most diverse group of animals on the planet an ...
Keystone species
... Evolution by Natural Selection Works through Mutations and Adaptations (2) • Natural selection: acts on individuals • Second step in biological evolution • Adaptation may lead to differential reproduction • Genetic resistance: ability of one or more members of a population to resist a chemical desi ...
... Evolution by Natural Selection Works through Mutations and Adaptations (2) • Natural selection: acts on individuals • Second step in biological evolution • Adaptation may lead to differential reproduction • Genetic resistance: ability of one or more members of a population to resist a chemical desi ...
Coevolution
In biology, coevolution is ""the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object"". In other words, when changes in at least two species' genetic compositions reciprocally affect each other’s evolution, coevolution has occurred.There is evidence for coevolution at the level of populations and species. Charles Darwin briefly described the concept of coevolution in On the Origin of Species (1859) and developed it in detail in Fertilisation of Orchids (1862). It is likely that viruses and their hosts coevolve in various scenarios.However, there is little evidence of coevolution driving large-scale changes in Earth's history, since abiotic factors such as mass extinction and expansion into ecospaces seem to guide the shifts in the abundance of major groups. One proposed specific example was the evolution of high-crowned teeth in grazers when grasslands spread through North America - long held up as an example of coevolution. We now know that these events happened independently.Coevolution can occur at many biological levels: it can be as microscopic as correlated mutations between amino acids in a protein or as macroscopic as covarying traits between different species in an environment. Each party in a coevolutionary relationship exerts selective pressures on the other, thereby affecting each other's evolution. Coevolution of different species includes the evolution of a host species and its parasites (host–parasite coevolution), and examples of mutualism evolving through time. Evolution in response to abiotic factors, such as climate change, is not biological coevolution (since climate is not alive and does not undergo biological evolution).The general conclusion is that coevolution may be responsible for much of the genetic diversity seen in normal populations including: blood-plasma polymorphism, protein polymorphism, histocompatibility systems, etc.The parasite/host relationship probably drove the prevalence of sexual reproduction over the more efficient asexual reproduction. It seems that when a parasite infects a host, sexual reproduction affords a better chance of developing resistance (through variation in the next generation), giving sexual reproduction viability for fitness not seen in the asexual reproduction, which produces another generation of the organism susceptible to infection by the same parasite.Coevolution is primarily a biological concept, but researchers have applied it by analogy to fields such as computer science, sociology / international political economy and astronomy.