Cladistics - Integrative Biology
... outgroup: among the states of a character found in the members of a monophyletic group, the ancestral character state is the one that is most widely distributed among taxa outside this group (unless there is contrary evidence). These latter taxa are called outgroups and their features provide valuab ...
... outgroup: among the states of a character found in the members of a monophyletic group, the ancestral character state is the one that is most widely distributed among taxa outside this group (unless there is contrary evidence). These latter taxa are called outgroups and their features provide valuab ...
Biology
... from one another in many respects. Postulate 2: At least some of the differences among mem bers of a population are due to characteristics that may be passed from parent to offspring. Postulate 3: In each generation, some individuals in a population survive and reproduce successfully but oth ers d ...
... from one another in many respects. Postulate 2: At least some of the differences among mem bers of a population are due to characteristics that may be passed from parent to offspring. Postulate 3: In each generation, some individuals in a population survive and reproduce successfully but oth ers d ...
Exceptions prove the rules
... Janzen believed this switch would likely have been successful only in the tropics. Predictable rainy seasons would bring escape through germination, and the commonness of territoriality among seed predator species in the tropics would limit local numerical responses. How are extremely long inter-ma ...
... Janzen believed this switch would likely have been successful only in the tropics. Predictable rainy seasons would bring escape through germination, and the commonness of territoriality among seed predator species in the tropics would limit local numerical responses. How are extremely long inter-ma ...
Population
... • Concept 5-1 Five types of species interactions— competition, predation, parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism—affect the resource use and population sizes of the species in an ecosystem. ...
... • Concept 5-1 Five types of species interactions— competition, predation, parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism—affect the resource use and population sizes of the species in an ecosystem. ...
Key Stone Species
... Pisaster has resulted in a pronounced decrease in biodiversity. Instead of usual 15 species found (in the control area) only eight species were found in the experimental area. Without a predator to control their numbers, the mussels soon took over the community and crowded out other species, greatly ...
... Pisaster has resulted in a pronounced decrease in biodiversity. Instead of usual 15 species found (in the control area) only eight species were found in the experimental area. Without a predator to control their numbers, the mussels soon took over the community and crowded out other species, greatly ...
Lethal Interactions Between Parasites and Prey Increase Niche
... two plant species at this single site in Peru, we found 14 fly species (all Blepharoneura) and 18 parasitoid species (18) (figs. S1 to S7). Most parasitoids were braconid wasps in the subfamily Opiinae (17 species): 14 Bellopius species (n = 199 individuals), two Thiemanastrepha species (n = 50), an ...
... two plant species at this single site in Peru, we found 14 fly species (all Blepharoneura) and 18 parasitoid species (18) (figs. S1 to S7). Most parasitoids were braconid wasps in the subfamily Opiinae (17 species): 14 Bellopius species (n = 199 individuals), two Thiemanastrepha species (n = 50), an ...
Verification of trophic interactions Individually collected insects with
... 2. Analysis of effects of forest fragmentation on plant-herbivore interaction networks (PHNs) via rarefaction curves For network-related definitions and terminology we followed Dormann et al. (2009). To quantify topological network properties related to network robustness (complexity, cohesiveness a ...
... 2. Analysis of effects of forest fragmentation on plant-herbivore interaction networks (PHNs) via rarefaction curves For network-related definitions and terminology we followed Dormann et al. (2009). To quantify topological network properties related to network robustness (complexity, cohesiveness a ...
Vancouver Aquarium Amazon Background Info
... The Amazon is home to the largest variety of freshwater fishes in the world – over 3,000 species and counting. Canada has a total of 230 fish varieties. You can find up to 50,000 KNOWN species of plants (researchers believe that there could be as many undiscovered species). 1/5 of the world’s ...
... The Amazon is home to the largest variety of freshwater fishes in the world – over 3,000 species and counting. Canada has a total of 230 fish varieties. You can find up to 50,000 KNOWN species of plants (researchers believe that there could be as many undiscovered species). 1/5 of the world’s ...
Invasive Species Aids Salt Marshes
... Invasive species, according to some estimates, cost the global economy $1.4 trillion a year—$138 billion in the U.S. alone—through losses in agriculture and forestry as well as management costs of invasive species. Those estimates would increase dramatically if we had monetary values for all aspects ...
... Invasive species, according to some estimates, cost the global economy $1.4 trillion a year—$138 billion in the U.S. alone—through losses in agriculture and forestry as well as management costs of invasive species. Those estimates would increase dramatically if we had monetary values for all aspects ...
Ch. 38
... this occurs in both prey and predators • prey might use this form of mimicry to startle a predator or to provide a false target for attack • predators might use this mimicry to simulate bait to lure prey in ...
... this occurs in both prey and predators • prey might use this form of mimicry to startle a predator or to provide a false target for attack • predators might use this mimicry to simulate bait to lure prey in ...
AP Biology - Summer assignment
... iv. position in food web (producer, primary consumer, etc.) v. sensitivity to environmental insults (things in the environment which can harm it- if none, please write so) Make sure to answer all of the above questions and organize your data well (tables are a nice way of organizing this data)! 3- ...
... iv. position in food web (producer, primary consumer, etc.) v. sensitivity to environmental insults (things in the environment which can harm it- if none, please write so) Make sure to answer all of the above questions and organize your data well (tables are a nice way of organizing this data)! 3- ...
Chapter-13- Organisms and Population. 1. Important Terms Habitat
... They act as ’conduits’ for energy transfer to higher trophic levels. They keep the prey population under control, which otherwise reach very high population density and cause imbalance in the ecosystem. They help in maintaining species diversity in a community by reducing the intensity of competitio ...
... They act as ’conduits’ for energy transfer to higher trophic levels. They keep the prey population under control, which otherwise reach very high population density and cause imbalance in the ecosystem. They help in maintaining species diversity in a community by reducing the intensity of competitio ...
Study Guide
... 18. Which of the following will always have the greatest biomass? (carnivores/herbivores/ producers) 19. At each level of a food chain, the biomass of organisms (decreases/increases). 20. Most of the energy in the plants that are eaten by a deer will be (changed to heat/used for daily activities). 2 ...
... 18. Which of the following will always have the greatest biomass? (carnivores/herbivores/ producers) 19. At each level of a food chain, the biomass of organisms (decreases/increases). 20. Most of the energy in the plants that are eaten by a deer will be (changed to heat/used for daily activities). 2 ...
Virulence evolution in a protozoan parasite
... Why do textbooks claim that the 1953 Miller-Urey experiment shows how life's building blocks may have formed on the early Earth -- when conditions on the early Earth were probably nothing like those used in the experiment, and the origin of life remains a mystery? ...
... Why do textbooks claim that the 1953 Miller-Urey experiment shows how life's building blocks may have formed on the early Earth -- when conditions on the early Earth were probably nothing like those used in the experiment, and the origin of life remains a mystery? ...
Interdependent Relationships In Ecosystems
... capacity, which is determined by factors like the availability of living and nonliving resources, as well as challenges such as predation, competition, and disease. Were it not for the finite amount of environments and resources, organisms would have the capacity to produce populations of great size ...
... capacity, which is determined by factors like the availability of living and nonliving resources, as well as challenges such as predation, competition, and disease. Were it not for the finite amount of environments and resources, organisms would have the capacity to produce populations of great size ...
Invertebrates 2
... Only one drone mates with the queen Toward the end of the summer, the worker bees either kill or chase all of the drones out of the hive ...
... Only one drone mates with the queen Toward the end of the summer, the worker bees either kill or chase all of the drones out of the hive ...
BENEFITS OF BATS
... Most flowering plants cannot produce seeds and fruit without pollination. Bats that drink the sweet nectar inside flowers pick up a dusting of pollen and move it along to other flowers as they feed. A few of the commercial products that depend on bat pollinators for wild or cultivated varieties incl ...
... Most flowering plants cannot produce seeds and fruit without pollination. Bats that drink the sweet nectar inside flowers pick up a dusting of pollen and move it along to other flowers as they feed. A few of the commercial products that depend on bat pollinators for wild or cultivated varieties incl ...
Mid-Term Exam, ECOL 340, March 8th 2007
... These are plants that have ‘come full circle’ and have reinvaded aquatic environments. They are of note evolutionarily as the main trend in Embryophyte evolution has been to constantly invade more xeric environments. Embolism – Results if the tension on the water column (driven by transpiration) wit ...
... These are plants that have ‘come full circle’ and have reinvaded aquatic environments. They are of note evolutionarily as the main trend in Embryophyte evolution has been to constantly invade more xeric environments. Embolism – Results if the tension on the water column (driven by transpiration) wit ...
Monarch Butter ies Milkweeds
... sites and fly northward in search of host plants on which to lay their eggs. Female monarchs lay eggs on milkweeds and a few other plants in the ...
... sites and fly northward in search of host plants on which to lay their eggs. Female monarchs lay eggs on milkweeds and a few other plants in the ...
Monarch Butter ies Milkweeds - Florida Museum of Natural History
... sites and fly northward in search of host plants on which to lay their eggs. Female monarchs lay eggs on milkweeds and a few other plants in the ...
... sites and fly northward in search of host plants on which to lay their eggs. Female monarchs lay eggs on milkweeds and a few other plants in the ...
Document
... Keystone species affect community structure disproportionately to their abundance. Picky predators can promote coexistence among competing prey species. ...
... Keystone species affect community structure disproportionately to their abundance. Picky predators can promote coexistence among competing prey species. ...
Why traits? - Emodnet Biology
... Related species have similar traits so taxonomic relationships predict traits of related species Most studies are confined to a particular environment so this trait allows users to quickly isolate species of interest for their purpose. The most widely available variable to distinguish species habita ...
... Related species have similar traits so taxonomic relationships predict traits of related species Most studies are confined to a particular environment so this trait allows users to quickly isolate species of interest for their purpose. The most widely available variable to distinguish species habita ...
Ecology
... Symbiosis —a relationship in which the two species live in close physiological contact with each other, such as corals and algae. Parasites can also form symbiotic relationships. Symbioses can include parasitism (+/–), commensalism (+/0), and mutualism (+/+). ...
... Symbiosis —a relationship in which the two species live in close physiological contact with each other, such as corals and algae. Parasites can also form symbiotic relationships. Symbioses can include parasitism (+/–), commensalism (+/0), and mutualism (+/+). ...
Coevolution
In biology, coevolution is ""the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object"". In other words, when changes in at least two species' genetic compositions reciprocally affect each other’s evolution, coevolution has occurred.There is evidence for coevolution at the level of populations and species. Charles Darwin briefly described the concept of coevolution in On the Origin of Species (1859) and developed it in detail in Fertilisation of Orchids (1862). It is likely that viruses and their hosts coevolve in various scenarios.However, there is little evidence of coevolution driving large-scale changes in Earth's history, since abiotic factors such as mass extinction and expansion into ecospaces seem to guide the shifts in the abundance of major groups. One proposed specific example was the evolution of high-crowned teeth in grazers when grasslands spread through North America - long held up as an example of coevolution. We now know that these events happened independently.Coevolution can occur at many biological levels: it can be as microscopic as correlated mutations between amino acids in a protein or as macroscopic as covarying traits between different species in an environment. Each party in a coevolutionary relationship exerts selective pressures on the other, thereby affecting each other's evolution. Coevolution of different species includes the evolution of a host species and its parasites (host–parasite coevolution), and examples of mutualism evolving through time. Evolution in response to abiotic factors, such as climate change, is not biological coevolution (since climate is not alive and does not undergo biological evolution).The general conclusion is that coevolution may be responsible for much of the genetic diversity seen in normal populations including: blood-plasma polymorphism, protein polymorphism, histocompatibility systems, etc.The parasite/host relationship probably drove the prevalence of sexual reproduction over the more efficient asexual reproduction. It seems that when a parasite infects a host, sexual reproduction affords a better chance of developing resistance (through variation in the next generation), giving sexual reproduction viability for fitness not seen in the asexual reproduction, which produces another generation of the organism susceptible to infection by the same parasite.Coevolution is primarily a biological concept, but researchers have applied it by analogy to fields such as computer science, sociology / international political economy and astronomy.