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Nonmonotonic Reasoning
Nonmonotonic Reasoning

... as well as many areas of philosophical inquiry. The origins of nonmonotonic reasoning within the broad area of logical AI lied in dissatisfaction with the traditional logical methods in representing and handling the problems posed by AI. Basically, the problem was that reasoning necessary for an int ...
NORTH MAHARASHTRA UNIVERSITY, JALGAON (M.S.)  Teacher and Examiner’s Manual
NORTH MAHARASHTRA UNIVERSITY, JALGAON (M.S.) Teacher and Examiner’s Manual

... Understand the cardinality of finite sets for two and three variables. F Permutations, Combinations, Discrete Probability. Understand to solve the problem using permutation, combination and by using the probability. ...
CS 561a: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
CS 561a: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

... • One is biological, based on the idea that since humans are intelligent, AI should study humans and imitate their psychology or physiology. • The other is phenomenal, based on studying and formalizing common sense facts about the world and the problems that the world presents to the achievement of ...
CS 460: Artificial Intelligence
CS 460: Artificial Intelligence

... • One is biological, based on the idea that since humans are intelligent, AI should study humans and imitate their psychology or physiology. • The other is phenomenal, based on studying and formalizing common sense facts about the world and the problems that the world presents to the achievement of ...
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... * DIP package in qty 100 from Digikey ...
A Future for Agent Programming
A Future for Agent Programming

... I begin by elucidating the problem we are trying to solve. There are many different views of the aims and objectives of ‘agent programming’ considered as a field. As a first approximation, these differing perspectives can be broadly characterised as being either ‘AI-oriented’ or ‘software engineerin ...
IT7005B-Artificial Intelligence UNIT WISE Important Questions
IT7005B-Artificial Intelligence UNIT WISE Important Questions

... 2. Write the two functions of KB agent. 3. Define inference. 4. Write short notes on unification. 5. Define logic. 6. Define entailment. 7. Define truth preserving in logic. 8. Differentiate forward and backward chaining. 9. Define inference procedure. 10. Define logical inference or deduction. 11. ...
session01
session01

... • One is biological, based on the idea that since humans are intelligent, AI should study humans and imitate their psychology or physiology. • The other is phenomenal, based on studying and formalizing common sense facts about the world and the problems that the world presents to the achievement of ...
session01
session01

... • One is biological, based on the idea that since humans are intelligent, AI should study humans and imitate their psychology or physiology. • The other is phenomenal, based on studying and formalizing common sense facts about the world and the problems that the world presents to the achievement of ...
An Introduction to Control Structures
An Introduction to Control Structures

... Forcing Changed Objects to Be Serialized • Subsequent serialization operations for the same object copy only the object reference into the stream, even if the object has changed • A simple solution to this problem: – invoke the reset method for the ObjectOutputStream object, which causes the next s ...
MATHEMATICAL LOGIC FOR APPLICATIONS
MATHEMATICAL LOGIC FOR APPLICATIONS

... experts believe this theory to be a more natural model for differential and integral calculus than the traditional model, the more traditional ε − δ method (besides analysis Robinson’s idea was applied to other areas of Mathematics too, and this is called non-standard mathematics). This connection i ...
The Isabelle Framework - Software and Systems Engineering
The Isabelle Framework - Software and Systems Engineering

... Isabelle/Pure is a minimal version of higher-order logic; object-logics are specified by stating their characteristic rules as new axioms. Any later additions in application theories are usually restricted to definitional specifications, and the desired properties are being proven explicitly. Workin ...
Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines
Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines

... review, making a total of 51. It was intended from the start that these would cover, not just books, but “resources” in the wider sense, particularly, web pages, on-line resources, packages and products. We have reviewed 36 books, 10 edited collections, and two conference/workshop proceedings. (It h ...
Discrete Event Calculus Deduction using First
Discrete Event Calculus Deduction using First

... uniqueness-of-names axioms and performing the necessary predicate completions. The preprocessed axioms are then added to the DEC and integer arithmetic axioms. A conjecture formula is then added to produce a first-order ATP problem. The formulae are written in the TSTP syntax [19], ready for submiss ...
02history - Computer Science and Electrical Engineering
02history - Computer Science and Electrical Engineering

... spured practical use, as did the development of Lisp Machines. • Scheme: a simple and pure LISP like language used for teaching programming. • Logo: Used for teaching young children how to program. • ML: (MetaLanguage) a strongly-typed functional language first developed by Robin Milner in the 70’s ...
First-Order Extension of the FLP Stable Model
First-Order Extension of the FLP Stable Model

... of grounding and fixpoints. Let us assume that b in every aggregate expression (8) is a constant. We extend the notion Ground(Π) to a disjunctive program Π with aggregates by replacing every free occurrence of a variable with every ground term that can be constructed from σ(Π) in all possible ways. ...
click here
click here

... • The built-in search procedure is based on the generate and test paradigm, which becomes very inefficient for complex problems. Solutions are generated by non-deterministic choice, and then tested in a deterministic way. • The basic data structures in Prolog are un-interpreted (Herbrand) terms. The ...
Slides 17
Slides 17

... You have just been introduced to an assignment operator in scheme – this is really the first time where symbols are viewed as variables whose values can be set (rather than as values themselves) • Introducing assignment breaks us away from the functional model of programming Today 1. We will explici ...
possibilistic logic - an overview
possibilistic logic - an overview

... Note also that we only have N (A ∪ B) ≥ max(N (A), N (B)). This goes well with the idea that one may be certain about the event A ∪ B, without being really certain about more specific events such as A and B. Certainty qualification Human knowledge is often expressed in a declarative way using statem ...
Logic Program Based Updates
Logic Program Based Updates

... smodel, DLV and XSB [Nemela and Simons 1996; Eiter et al. 1997; Rao et al. 1997]), which make this method be more applicable in the real world problem domains, e.g. [Crescini and Zhang 2004]. ...
Inductive Logic Programming: Challenges
Inductive Logic Programming: Challenges

... Davis, Katsumi Inoue, who are all chairs of the last five years of ILP conferences (2011–2015), and Taisuke Sato. The discussion at the last panel held at ILP 2010 has been summarized as the survey paper (Muggleton et al. 2012), in which several future perspectives at that time were shown. Since then ...
Artificial Intelligence Question Bank 2014
Artificial Intelligence Question Bank 2014

... Explain the derivation of formula using natural deduction method List and explain the various connectives to form a WFF. What is Equivalence laws? How are they used to derive new relations? Define First order logic. Explain the syntax and semantics of FOL. Discuss the steps used in the creation of c ...
Gearing up for Effective ASP Planning
Gearing up for Effective ASP Planning

... we deal with an infinite set of terms containing all natural numbers. Unlike this, an incremental proceeding aims at providing a finite grounding at each step. On the one hand, we may thus never obtain a complete finite representation of the overall program. And on the other hand, each incremental s ...
DCP 1172: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
DCP 1172: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

... their circumstances and what they know. • No presuppositions about how they should be designed to do the right thing • I.e. not limited to how people do it • Evaluation is based on performance, not on how the task is performed ...
Document
Document

... In scientific theories, representation of constraints is generally oversimplified. Oversimplification of constraints is a necessity because existing constrained definition languages have a very limited expressive power. The concept of a generalized constraint is intended to provide a basis for const ...
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Logic programming

Logic programming is a programming paradigm based on formal logic. A program written in a logic programming language is a set of sentences in logical form, expressing facts and rules about some problem domain. Major logic programming language families include Prolog, Answer set programming (ASP) and Datalog. In all of these languages, rules are written in the form of clauses:H :- B1, …, Bn.and are read declaratively as logical implications:H if B1 and … and Bn.H is called the head of the rule and B1, …, Bn is called the body. Facts are rules that have no body, and are written in the simplified form:H.In the simplest case in which H, B1, …, Bn are all atomic formulae, these clauses are called definite clauses or Horn clauses. However, there exist many extensions of this simple case, the most important one being the case in which conditions in the body of a clause can also be negations of atomic formulae. Logic programming languages that include this extension have the knowledge representation capabilities of a non-monotonic logic.In ASP and Datalog, logic programs have only a declarative reading, and their execution is performed by means of a proof procedure or model generator whose behaviour is not meant to be under the control of the programmer. However, in the Prolog family of languages, logic programs also have a procedural interpretation as goal-reduction procedures:to solve H, solve B1, and ... and solve Bn.Consider, for example, the following clause:fallible(X) :- human(X).based on an example used by Terry Winograd to illustrate the programming language Planner. As a clause in a logic program, it can be used both as a procedure to test whether X is fallible by testing whether X is human, and as a procedure to find an X that is fallible by finding an X that is human. Even facts have a procedural interpretation. For example, the clause:human(socrates).can be used both as a procedure to show that socrates is human, and as a procedure to find an X that is human by ""assigning"" socrates to X.The declarative reading of logic programs can be used by a programmer to verify their correctness. Moreover, logic-based program transformation techniques can also be used to transform logic programs into logically equivalent programs that are more efficient. In the Prolog family of logic programming languages, the programmer can also use the known problem-solving behaviour of the execution mechanism to improve the efficiency of programs.
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