Derived algebraic geometry
... ∞-categories is a hairy business, the ∞-groupoids are well-understood: they are essentially the same thing
as spaces (say, CW-complexes), as studied in homotopy theory. If X is any space, then it gives rise to an
∞-groupoid as follows: the objects are the points of X, the morphisms are the paths bet ...
Locally normal subgroups of totally disconnected groups. Part II
... said to be h.j.i. if every non-trivial closed locally normal subgroup is open.
• atomic type: |LN (G)| > 2 but LC(G) = {0, ∞}, there is a unique least element of
LN (G) r {0}, the action of G on LN (G) is trivial and G is not abstractly simple.
• non-principal filter type (abbreviated by NPF type): ...
Sheaves of Modules
... and only if ϕ ◦ α = 0. Moreover, on the level of stalks we have Ker(ϕ)x = Ker(ϕx ).
On the other hand, we define Coker(ϕ) as the sheaf of OX -modules associated to
the presheaf of OX -modules defined by the rule
U 7−→ Coker(G(U ) → F(U )) = F(U )/ϕ(G(U )).
Since taking stalks commutes with taking sh ...
Fundamental group
In the mathematics of algebraic topology, the fundamental group is a mathematical group associated to any given pointed topological space that provides a way to determine when two paths, starting and ending at a fixed base point, can be continuously deformed into each other. It records information about the basic shape, or holes, of the topological space. The fundamental group is the first and simplest homotopy group. The fundamental group is a topological invariant: homeomorphic topological spaces have the same fundamental group.Fundamental groups can be studied using the theory of covering spaces, since a fundamental group coincides with the group of deck transformations of the associated universal covering space. The abelianization of the fundamental group can be identified with the first homology group of the space. When the topological space is homeomorphic to a simplicial complex, its fundamental group can be described explicitly in terms of generators and relations.Henri Poincaré defined the fundamental group in 1895 in his paper ""Analysis situs"". The concept emerged in the theory of Riemann surfaces, in the work of Bernhard Riemann, Poincaré, and Felix Klein. It describes the monodromy properties of complex-valued functions, as well as providing a complete topological classification of closed surfaces.