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General Topology - Fakultät für Mathematik
General Topology - Fakultät für Mathematik

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On Supra – Separation Axioms for Supra Topological Spaces

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... Proof of (2). This is true because F turns the morphism X → X ×Y X into the map F (X) → F (X) ×F (Y ) F (X) and F reflects isomorphisms. Proof of (3). This is true because F turns the morphism Y qX Y → Y into the map F (Y ) qF (X) F (Y ) → F (Y ) and F reflects isomorphisms. Proof of (4). There exis ...
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this paper (free) - International Journal of Pure and

... Theorem 2.7. Let A and B be two subsets of a generalized topological space X with A ⊆ B. If A is µ− semi compact (resp. µ− semi Lindelöf) relative X, then A is µ− semi compact (resp. µ− semi Lindelöf) relative to B. Proof. We will show the case when A is µ− semi compact relative to X, the other ca ...
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Research Article Strongly Generalized closed sets in Ideal

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... the Cartesian product of the sets {Xi }, we mean the set of all functions f defined on Q I for which f (i) ∈ Xi Q for each i ∈ I. We denote this set of functions by i∈I Xi or simply by Xi . Q Ordinarily, a function f ∈ i∈I Xi is denoted by {xi }, where xi = f (i). Fundamental to Functional Analysis ...
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Formal Algebraic Spaces

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Fundamental group

In the mathematics of algebraic topology, the fundamental group is a mathematical group associated to any given pointed topological space that provides a way to determine when two paths, starting and ending at a fixed base point, can be continuously deformed into each other. It records information about the basic shape, or holes, of the topological space. The fundamental group is the first and simplest homotopy group. The fundamental group is a topological invariant: homeomorphic topological spaces have the same fundamental group.Fundamental groups can be studied using the theory of covering spaces, since a fundamental group coincides with the group of deck transformations of the associated universal covering space. The abelianization of the fundamental group can be identified with the first homology group of the space. When the topological space is homeomorphic to a simplicial complex, its fundamental group can be described explicitly in terms of generators and relations.Henri Poincaré defined the fundamental group in 1895 in his paper ""Analysis situs"". The concept emerged in the theory of Riemann surfaces, in the work of Bernhard Riemann, Poincaré, and Felix Klein. It describes the monodromy properties of complex-valued functions, as well as providing a complete topological classification of closed surfaces.
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