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FIBRATIONS OF TOPOLOGICAL STACKS Contents 1. Introduction 2
FIBRATIONS OF TOPOLOGICAL STACKS Contents 1. Introduction 2

NEARLY CONTINUOUS MULTIFUNCTIONS 1. Introduction Strong
NEARLY CONTINUOUS MULTIFUNCTIONS 1. Introduction Strong

A nonhomogeneous orbit closure of a diagonal subgroup
A nonhomogeneous orbit closure of a diagonal subgroup

1. Topological spaces We start with the abstract definition of
1. Topological spaces We start with the abstract definition of

An introduction to schemes - University of Chicago Math
An introduction to schemes - University of Chicago Math

S. C. Arora and Sanjay Tahiliani
S. C. Arora and Sanjay Tahiliani

Solutions to exercises in Munkres
Solutions to exercises in Munkres

Connectedness in fuzzy topology
Connectedness in fuzzy topology

topologies on spaces of subsets
topologies on spaces of subsets

Compact matrix operators on a new sequence space related to ℓp
Compact matrix operators on a new sequence space related to ℓp

... For the reader’s convenience, we list a few well-known definitions and results concerning the Hausdorff measure of noncompactness which can be found in [, ], and []. Let S and M be subsets of a metric space (X, d) and ε > . Then S is called an ε-net of M in X if for every x ∈ M there exists s ∈ S ...
229 NEARLY CONTINUOUS MULTIFUNCTIONS 1. Introduction
229 NEARLY CONTINUOUS MULTIFUNCTIONS 1. Introduction

... such that x ∈ F − (V ) (x ∈ F + (V )), there exists an open set U containing x such that U ⊆ F − (V ) (U ⊆ F + (V )). The following theorem give us some characterizations of lower (upper) nearly continuous multifunction. We know that a net (xα ) in a topological space (X, τ ) is called eventually in ...
One-parameter subgroups and Hilbert`s fifth problem
One-parameter subgroups and Hilbert`s fifth problem

Haar Measures for Groupoids
Haar Measures for Groupoids

Topological and Limit-space Subcategories of Countably
Topological and Limit-space Subcategories of Countably

CATEGORICAL PROPERTY OF INTUITIONISTIC TOPOLOGICAL
CATEGORICAL PROPERTY OF INTUITIONISTIC TOPOLOGICAL

... short) and any IS in T is called an intuitionistic open set (IOS for short) in X. The complement A of an IOS A is called an intuitionistic closed set (ICS for short) in X. Example 2.5. For any topological space (X, τ ), we trivially have an ITS (X, T ), where T = {hX, A, Ac i | A ∈ τ }. Example 2.6. ...
Spectra for commutative algebraists.
Spectra for commutative algebraists.

Spectra for commutative algebraists.
Spectra for commutative algebraists.

... Traditional commutative algebra considers commutative rings R and modules over them, but some constructions make it natural to extend further to considering chain complexes of R-modules; the need to consider robust, homotopy invariant properties leads to the derived category D(R). Once we admit chai ...
ON THE SEPARATELY OPEN TOPOLOGY 1. Introduction
ON THE SEPARATELY OPEN TOPOLOGY 1. Introduction

Applications of Martin`s Axiom 1. Products of c.c.c. Spaces We
Applications of Martin`s Axiom 1. Products of c.c.c. Spaces We

1.1. Algebraic sets and the Zariski topology. We have said in the
1.1. Algebraic sets and the Zariski topology. We have said in the

Homology Theory - Section de mathématiques
Homology Theory - Section de mathématiques

equivariant homotopy and cohomology theory
equivariant homotopy and cohomology theory

Connectedness
Connectedness

τ* -Generalized Closed Sets in Topological Spaces
τ* -Generalized Closed Sets in Topological Spaces

HYPERBOLIC VOLUME AND MOD p HOMOLOGY
HYPERBOLIC VOLUME AND MOD p HOMOLOGY

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Fundamental group

In the mathematics of algebraic topology, the fundamental group is a mathematical group associated to any given pointed topological space that provides a way to determine when two paths, starting and ending at a fixed base point, can be continuously deformed into each other. It records information about the basic shape, or holes, of the topological space. The fundamental group is the first and simplest homotopy group. The fundamental group is a topological invariant: homeomorphic topological spaces have the same fundamental group.Fundamental groups can be studied using the theory of covering spaces, since a fundamental group coincides with the group of deck transformations of the associated universal covering space. The abelianization of the fundamental group can be identified with the first homology group of the space. When the topological space is homeomorphic to a simplicial complex, its fundamental group can be described explicitly in terms of generators and relations.Henri Poincaré defined the fundamental group in 1895 in his paper ""Analysis situs"". The concept emerged in the theory of Riemann surfaces, in the work of Bernhard Riemann, Poincaré, and Felix Klein. It describes the monodromy properties of complex-valued functions, as well as providing a complete topological classification of closed surfaces.
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