MICROORGANISMS
... 1. What are some infectious diseases you already know about and what are their symptoms? 2. What makes these diseases contagious? 3. To help stop or minimize the transmission of infectious diseases, what information do you think would be important to know and what are some precautions that one ...
... 1. What are some infectious diseases you already know about and what are their symptoms? 2. What makes these diseases contagious? 3. To help stop or minimize the transmission of infectious diseases, what information do you think would be important to know and what are some precautions that one ...
Influenza By
... – An outbreak of influenza confined to one geographic location – Usual pattern: begin abruptly, reach a peak in 2-3 weeks, and last about 6-10 weeks – Typically occurs in the winter months in temperate areas, but influenza activity is year round in the tropics – Overall attack rate typically average ...
... – An outbreak of influenza confined to one geographic location – Usual pattern: begin abruptly, reach a peak in 2-3 weeks, and last about 6-10 weeks – Typically occurs in the winter months in temperate areas, but influenza activity is year round in the tropics – Overall attack rate typically average ...
Feline Infectious Peritonitis
... Cats are diagnosed with Feline Infectious Peritonitis when they are found to have an abnormally high antibody titer after immunofluorescence testing or an enzyme immunoassay. 95%–100% of cats exposed to FCoV become infected and develop antibodies 2–3 weeks after exposure. ...
... Cats are diagnosed with Feline Infectious Peritonitis when they are found to have an abnormally high antibody titer after immunofluorescence testing or an enzyme immunoassay. 95%–100% of cats exposed to FCoV become infected and develop antibodies 2–3 weeks after exposure. ...
Full-Text PDF
... membrane and bears a turret-like appendage at each vertex [12]. Packaged within is a circular dsDNA genome of 17.3 kb [12]. The STIV major capsid protein (MCP) possesses a double β-barrel fold and is arranged into trimeric capsomers of pseudo-hexagonal symmetry (triangulation number T = 31 dextro) [ ...
... membrane and bears a turret-like appendage at each vertex [12]. Packaged within is a circular dsDNA genome of 17.3 kb [12]. The STIV major capsid protein (MCP) possesses a double β-barrel fold and is arranged into trimeric capsomers of pseudo-hexagonal symmetry (triangulation number T = 31 dextro) [ ...
Learning from the 2009 H1N1 Influenza Pandemic
... THE 2009 H1N1 INFLUENZA PANDEMIC Background Influenza is a contagious disease caused by an exceptionally adaptable RNA virus. Influenza viruses are classified by type (A, B, or C). Type A, the most virulent among the three types to humans, has been responsible for the four influenza pandemics since ...
... THE 2009 H1N1 INFLUENZA PANDEMIC Background Influenza is a contagious disease caused by an exceptionally adaptable RNA virus. Influenza viruses are classified by type (A, B, or C). Type A, the most virulent among the three types to humans, has been responsible for the four influenza pandemics since ...
Full-Text PDF
... membrane and bears a turret-like appendage at each vertex [12]. Packaged within is a circular dsDNA genome of 17.3 kb [12]. The STIV major capsid protein (MCP) possesses a double β-barrel fold and is arranged into trimeric capsomers of pseudo-hexagonal symmetry (triangulation number T = 31 dextro) [ ...
... membrane and bears a turret-like appendage at each vertex [12]. Packaged within is a circular dsDNA genome of 17.3 kb [12]. The STIV major capsid protein (MCP) possesses a double β-barrel fold and is arranged into trimeric capsomers of pseudo-hexagonal symmetry (triangulation number T = 31 dextro) [ ...
Keratinocytes derived from chicken embryonic
... follicle epithelial cells of infected chickens, from which infectious viral particles are shed into the environment. The feather follicle epithelium is the sole tissue in which those infectious particles are produced and no in vitro cell-systems can support this highly efficient morphogenesis. We pr ...
... follicle epithelial cells of infected chickens, from which infectious viral particles are shed into the environment. The feather follicle epithelium is the sole tissue in which those infectious particles are produced and no in vitro cell-systems can support this highly efficient morphogenesis. We pr ...
DISPATCHES
... To detect ZIKV in samples (RNA extracted from 200 μL of serum or urine), we used both sets of primers/probe specific for ZIKV (11). A standard curve with serial dilutions of known concentrations of a ZIKV virus stock was used to estimate viral load in samples. All blood samples were also tested for ...
... To detect ZIKV in samples (RNA extracted from 200 μL of serum or urine), we used both sets of primers/probe specific for ZIKV (11). A standard curve with serial dilutions of known concentrations of a ZIKV virus stock was used to estimate viral load in samples. All blood samples were also tested for ...
Quick and easy global air travel aids the spread of infectious
... to modelling epidemics, the swine-flu pandemic represents the first time that such computational methods have been used to model the spread of an infectious disease in real time. So far, the results have been extremely encouraging: state-of-the-art, large-scale computational approaches have been abl ...
... to modelling epidemics, the swine-flu pandemic represents the first time that such computational methods have been used to model the spread of an infectious disease in real time. So far, the results have been extremely encouraging: state-of-the-art, large-scale computational approaches have been abl ...
Two Cytoplasmic Acylation Sites and an Adjacent Hydrophobic
... budding, it was found that HA, when expressed alone, was released as virus-like particles (VLPs) if sialidase activity is provided. Co-expression of NA and M2 increased VLP production. Expression of M1 alone does not produce VLPs, but M1 is incorporated into VLPs if HA is also expressed. Furthermore ...
... budding, it was found that HA, when expressed alone, was released as virus-like particles (VLPs) if sialidase activity is provided. Co-expression of NA and M2 increased VLP production. Expression of M1 alone does not produce VLPs, but M1 is incorporated into VLPs if HA is also expressed. Furthermore ...
Comparison of nucleic acid-based detection of avian influenza
... Kong/1000/97 (H5N1) (ELD50 107:5 infectious U/ml) was used to infect 5-week-old AA breed chickens. Each group comprising two birds was inoculated via the nasal or drinking water route with 0.1 ml of the bacterium-free virus stock. The birds were caged and groups were well separated. Food and water w ...
... Kong/1000/97 (H5N1) (ELD50 107:5 infectious U/ml) was used to infect 5-week-old AA breed chickens. Each group comprising two birds was inoculated via the nasal or drinking water route with 0.1 ml of the bacterium-free virus stock. The birds were caged and groups were well separated. Food and water w ...
Virion-associated viral proteins of a Chinese giant salamander
... STIV, and CMTV (Mavian et al., 2012a). Conserved core iridoviral protein-based phylogenetic analyses and genome collinearity analysis show that CGSIV-HN11 is a member of the CMTV subset in ALRV (data not shown). Viral structural proteins have crucial functions in viral bioprocesses, including struct ...
... STIV, and CMTV (Mavian et al., 2012a). Conserved core iridoviral protein-based phylogenetic analyses and genome collinearity analysis show that CGSIV-HN11 is a member of the CMTV subset in ALRV (data not shown). Viral structural proteins have crucial functions in viral bioprocesses, including struct ...
The effect of duplication of the variable region stem
... The dengue virus has found an ingenious way to survive amidst its diminishing host population and habitat reduction: evolving to prefer humans over animals as their natural host1. Incidentally, outbreaks of dengue are becoming more and more common with over 2.3 million cases of dengue being reported ...
... The dengue virus has found an ingenious way to survive amidst its diminishing host population and habitat reduction: evolving to prefer humans over animals as their natural host1. Incidentally, outbreaks of dengue are becoming more and more common with over 2.3 million cases of dengue being reported ...
Stability of an infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) isolate
... The tolerance of aquatic birnaviruses to freezing and thawing has been reported to be extremely variable between strains (McMichael et al. 1975). Although laboratory and natural conditions are indeed different, the present results may indicate that IPNV dispersed in nature remain infectious after lo ...
... The tolerance of aquatic birnaviruses to freezing and thawing has been reported to be extremely variable between strains (McMichael et al. 1975). Although laboratory and natural conditions are indeed different, the present results may indicate that IPNV dispersed in nature remain infectious after lo ...
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS)
... In turn, stimulating hormones from the pituitary also carried the grave influence of the viral RNA’s down to the ovaries and testes for the production of the sperm and the ovum. Neuro Viral RNA’s had to make its journey through the chromosomal DNA / RNA’s, either from mother or father side. In this ...
... In turn, stimulating hormones from the pituitary also carried the grave influence of the viral RNA’s down to the ovaries and testes for the production of the sperm and the ovum. Neuro Viral RNA’s had to make its journey through the chromosomal DNA / RNA’s, either from mother or father side. In this ...
Emerging infectious disease: what are the relative roles of ecology
... A large percentage of asymptomatic harp seals (Ph. groenlandicus) tested positive for antibodies specific to PDV(Ref. 26). Harp seals participated in a large-scale migration in 1986-1987 from the Arctic to northern Europe, during which time they could have infected harbor seals.27. If so, transmissi ...
... A large percentage of asymptomatic harp seals (Ph. groenlandicus) tested positive for antibodies specific to PDV(Ref. 26). Harp seals participated in a large-scale migration in 1986-1987 from the Arctic to northern Europe, during which time they could have infected harbor seals.27. If so, transmissi ...
The Role of Environmental Transmission in Recurrent Avian
... populations. Avian influenza viruses in wild waterfowl constitute the historic source of human influenza viruses [11], with a rich pool of genetic and antigenic diversity [11,12] that often leads to cross-species transmission. Perhaps the best-known and most topical example is the transmission of H5 ...
... populations. Avian influenza viruses in wild waterfowl constitute the historic source of human influenza viruses [11], with a rich pool of genetic and antigenic diversity [11,12] that often leads to cross-species transmission. Perhaps the best-known and most topical example is the transmission of H5 ...
Slide 1
... • Most countries will be able to perform some basic influenza identification tests on a clinical specimen, but more specific testing may need to be done at a higher level national or regional laboratory. • When you report on the progress of an outbreak investigation, share investigation results with ...
... • Most countries will be able to perform some basic influenza identification tests on a clinical specimen, but more specific testing may need to be done at a higher level national or regional laboratory. • When you report on the progress of an outbreak investigation, share investigation results with ...
GVN-Norovirus-Statement-04-07-2015
... infected person, or through contact with contaminated food, water, objects or surfaces. While symptoms generally start 12-48 hours after infection, a person can be contagious before symptoms begin and for days after symptoms resolve. The viruses can survive in water and on food, clothing, and surfac ...
... infected person, or through contact with contaminated food, water, objects or surfaces. While symptoms generally start 12-48 hours after infection, a person can be contagious before symptoms begin and for days after symptoms resolve. The viruses can survive in water and on food, clothing, and surfac ...
key points in fine tuning the use of a specific vaccine against
... should always be followed, based on chicks hatched with adequate levels of maternal antibodies, appropriate vaccination time and good cleaning/disinfection programmes. If, after revision of all these points, IBD problems are still unmanageable, the decision may be taken to extend the range of vaccin ...
... should always be followed, based on chicks hatched with adequate levels of maternal antibodies, appropriate vaccination time and good cleaning/disinfection programmes. If, after revision of all these points, IBD problems are still unmanageable, the decision may be taken to extend the range of vaccin ...
64. Age and the likelihood of persistence in FMDV infected cattle
... Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a severe vesicular disease of cloven-hoofed animals and pigs and has a reputation for rapid and extensive transboundary spread and severe economic consequences for the countries affected (Coetzer et al., 1994). The virus that causes FMD belongs to the Aphthovirus genu ...
... Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a severe vesicular disease of cloven-hoofed animals and pigs and has a reputation for rapid and extensive transboundary spread and severe economic consequences for the countries affected (Coetzer et al., 1994). The virus that causes FMD belongs to the Aphthovirus genu ...
Hepatitis
... • Hepatitis A is a frequent virus of childhood and is not considered a deadly and serious infection. • It is most commonly transmitted via the fecal-oral route through contaminated food or drinking water. ...
... • Hepatitis A is a frequent virus of childhood and is not considered a deadly and serious infection. • It is most commonly transmitted via the fecal-oral route through contaminated food or drinking water. ...
PP 37.VP - UP w Poznaniu
... Apple mosaic virus was not detected in any of the trees tested in both locations. Apple stem grooving virus was detected only in mixed infections with Apple chlorotic ringspot virus. From the total of 183 tested apple trees from two orchards, over 50% of trees were infected with ACLSV. The virus was ...
... Apple mosaic virus was not detected in any of the trees tested in both locations. Apple stem grooving virus was detected only in mixed infections with Apple chlorotic ringspot virus. From the total of 183 tested apple trees from two orchards, over 50% of trees were infected with ACLSV. The virus was ...
Very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV) in vaccinated
... 1999; Zierenberg et al., 2000). These strains are antigenically similar to the classic virulent strains but can be distinguished by RT-PCR combined with restriction enzyme analysis (REA) or by genome sequencing (Eterradossi et al., 1997; 1999, Zierenberg et al., 2000, 2001). In contrast, “variant st ...
... 1999; Zierenberg et al., 2000). These strains are antigenically similar to the classic virulent strains but can be distinguished by RT-PCR combined with restriction enzyme analysis (REA) or by genome sequencing (Eterradossi et al., 1997; 1999, Zierenberg et al., 2000, 2001). In contrast, “variant st ...
Subject 1
... and determine appropriate targets for intervention; (4) build on global One Health initiatives for effective collaboration across disciplines and geographic borders. Three sites presenting interface between human, wildlife and livestock were identified: 1) bat farming site for guano, 2) cross border ...
... and determine appropriate targets for intervention; (4) build on global One Health initiatives for effective collaboration across disciplines and geographic borders. Three sites presenting interface between human, wildlife and livestock were identified: 1) bat farming site for guano, 2) cross border ...
Influenza A virus
Influenza A virus causes influenza in birds and some mammals, and is the only species of influenza virus A. Influenza virus A is a genus of the Orthomyxoviridae family of viruses. Strains of all subtypes of influenza A virus have been isolated from wild birds, although disease is uncommon. Some isolates of influenza A virus cause severe disease both in domestic poultry and, rarely, in humans. Occasionally, viruses are transmitted from wild aquatic birds to domestic poultry, and this may cause an outbreak or give rise to human influenza pandemics.Influenza A viruses are negative-sense, single-stranded, segmented RNA viruses.The several subtypes are labeled according to an H number (for the type of hemagglutinin) and an N number (for the type of neuraminidase). There are 18 different known H antigens (H1 to H18) and 11 different known N antigens (N1 to N11). H17 was isolated from fruit bats in 2012. H18N11 was discovered in a Peruvian bat in 2013.Each virus subtype has mutated into a variety of strains with differing pathogenic profiles; some are pathogenic to one species but not others, some are pathogenic to multiple species.A filtered and purified influenza A vaccine for humans has been developed, and many countries have stockpiled it to allow a quick administration to the population in the event of an avian influenza pandemic. Avian influenza is sometimes called avian flu, and colloquially, bird flu. In 2011, researchers reported the discovery of an antibody effective against all types of the influenza A virus.