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Transcript
FelineInfectiousPeritonitis Felineinfectiousperitonitis(FIP)isacomplexandinevitablyfataldiseasecausedbytheFeline Coronavirus(FCoV). Virology Felineinfectiousperitonitisarisesasamutationoffelinecoronavirus(FCoV)andleadstoafatal systemicdiseasethatprogressesoverweeksormonths.FCoVbelongstothefamilyCoronaviridae,a groupofenveloped,RNAvirusesfrequentlyfoundincats. ClinicalSigns FIPoccurstypicallyinveryyoungorveryoldcats.Therearetwoformsofthedisease,wet/effusiveand dry/non-effusive.Thewetformpresentsitselfwithabdominaldistensionduetotheaccumulationof fluidintheperitonealcavityandrapiddiseaseprogressioncloselyfollowedbydeath.Thedryform progressesataslowerrateandwithoutthefluidbuild-upintheperitonealcavity.Bothdemonstrate similarinitialclinicalsignsincludinganorexia,chronicfever,malaise,andweightloss. EpidemiologyofTransmission TheinitialpathogeniceventcausingFIPistheinfectionofacatwithageneticvariantofanoriginal entericcoronavirus.Coronavirus-specificantibodiesarepresentinasmanyas90%ofcatsincatteries andinasmanyas50%ofthoseinsingle-cathouseholds.However,<5%ofFCoV-infectedcatsdevelop FIPinmulti-cathouseholds.Thevirusisendemicinenvironmentsinwhichmanycatsarekepttogether inaconfinedspace(e.g.,catteries,shelters,petstores).Thisdiseaseoccursmostcommonlyincats youngerthan18monthsandolderthan12yearsofage FCoVisshedmainlyinthefecesandisgenerallycontractedthroughtheoronasalroutebyinhalationor contactwithcontaminatedfecalmatterviathefecal-oralroute.Onceinfected,catsbegintoshedthe virusintheformoffeceswithinoneweekofinitialinfection.Thevirusmayalsobefoundinsaliva, respiratorysecretions,andurineduringtheearlystages.SomecatsbecomechronicFCoVshedders, providingacontinualsourceforreinfectionofothercats.Themostcommonrouteoftransmission betweendomesticatedcatsisthroughthesharingoflitterboxesbetweenuninfectedcatsandcatsthat aresheddingthevirus.Thissharingofcontaminatedlittercanleadtocontinuousreinfection,which encouragesthedevelopmentofnewviralstrains. AlthoughmanycoronavirusessuchasSevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome(SARS)arezoonoticandhave theabilitytobespreadbetweenanimalsandhumans,FCoVhasnorecordedhistoryofinfecting humans. TreatmentandControl CatsarediagnosedwithFelineInfectiousPeritonitiswhentheyarefoundtohaveanabnormallyhigh antibodytiterafterimmunofluorescencetestingoranenzymeimmunoassay.95%–100%ofcats exposedtoFCoVbecomeinfectedanddevelopantibodies2–3weeksafterexposure. Felineinfectiousperitonitis(FIP)isacomplexandinevitablyfataldisease.Thereiscurrentlynovaccine thathasdemonstratedeffectivenessagainstit. FCoVisafragilevirussurroundedbyalipidenvelopethatallowsforeasyinactivationbymost commonlyapprovedEPAandHealthCanadaregistereddisinfectants.However,FCoVhastheabilityto surviveonsurfacesandnutrient-poorenvironmentsforupto7weeksandcanbetransmittedvia fomitessuchasclothes,toys,andgroomingtoolsunlessproperlydisinfected. References KoretShelterMedicineProgram http://www.sheltermedicine.com/library/feline-infectious-peritonitis-feline-coronavirus-fip-fcov MerckVeterinaryManual http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/generalized_conditions/feline_infectious_peritonitis/overview _of_feline_infectious_peritonitis.html Fenner’sVeterinaryVirology4thed. MacLachlan,N.J.,Dubovi,E.J.(2010).Fenner’sVeterinaryVirology(4thed.).Cambridge,MA:Academic PressanimprintofElsevier.
